(noel@gnu.ai.mit.edu)
Ãʹú¹ø¿ª : ÀüÁ¤È£ (mahajjh@myscan.org)
¸ñÂ÷
Copyright (C) 1993, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the Foundation.
¼¹®
Way back a long time ago, Thompson and Ritchie were sitting opposite one another at the commissary, sipping coffees and discussing their evolving behemoth.
"This behemoth of ours," said Ken, "is becoming rather popular,
wouldn't you say?" "Yes," said Dennis. "Every time I want to do a
compilation, I have to wait for hours and hours. It's infuriating."
They both agreed that the load on their system was too great. Both
sighed, picked up their mugs, and went back to the workbench. Little
did they know that an upper-management type was sitting just within
earshot of their conversation.
È£¶ûÀÌ ´ã¹èÇÇ´ø ½ÃÀý Thompson°ú Ritchie°¡ ½Ä´ç¿¡¼ ¸¶ÁÖ¾É¾Æ Ä¿ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ã¸ç
ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ±«¹°¿¡ ´ëÇØ Åä·ÐÇß´Ù.
KenÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù. "¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±«¹°ÀÌ Á¶±Ý À¯¸íÇØÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î?" Dennis´Â, "¸Â¾Æ,
¸Å¹ø ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¸î ½Ã°£ÀÌ°ï ±â´Ù·Á¾ß ÇØ. ¸Å¿ì Â¥Áõ³ª."
±×µéÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ·Îµå°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. µÑÀº ÇѼûÀ» ½¬¸ç, ÄÅÀ» µé°í
ÀÏÅÍ·Î µ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù. ±×µéÀº ³ôÀº °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ´ëÈ°¡ µé¸± Á¤µµ·Î
°¡±î¿î °Å¸®¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÇô ´«Ä¡Ã¤Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.
"We are AT&T Bell Laboratories, aren't we?" the upper-management type thought to himself. "Well, what is our organization best known for?" The brill-cream in his hair glistened. "Screwing people out of lots of money, of course! If there were some way that we could keep tabs on users and charge them through the nose for their CPU time..."
The accounting utilities were born.
"¿ì¸®´Â AT&T Bell ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Æ?" ³ôÀº °ü¸®Àڴ ȥÀÚ »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
"±×·¡, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ³Áö?" ±×ÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ±â¸§ÀÌ ¹Ý¦¿´´Ù.
"¹°·Ð, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ µ·À» Â¥³»´Â °Å¾ß! »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ°í CPU »ç¿ë½Ã°£À¸·Î
µ·À» û±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÅÁö..."
±×·¡¼ °èÁ¤ µµ±¸°¡ ž´Ù.
Seriously though, the accouting utilities can provide a system administrator with useful information about system usage--connections, programs executed, and utilization of system resources.
Information about users--their connect time, location, programs
executed, and the like--is automatically recored in files by
°èÁ¤ µµ±¸´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ç¿ë·®(¿¬°á, ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ½ÇÇà, ½Ã½ºÅÛ
ÀÚ¿ø È°¿ë µî)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯¿ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
»ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸(¿¬°á ½Ã°£, Àå¼Ò, ½ÇÇàÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ µî)´Â
init
and login
. Four of them are of interest to us:
wtmp
, which has records for each login and logout;
acct
, which records each command that was run;
usracct
and savacct
, which contain
summaries of the information in acct
by user and
command, respectively. Each of the accounting utilities reports or
summarizes information stored in these files.
init
°ú login
¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù.
ÀÌÁß ³×°³°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. wtmp
´Â °¢ ·Î±×Àΰú ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÀ»
±â·ÏÇÏ°í, acct
´Â ½ÇÇàÇÑ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù.
usracct
°ú savacct
Àº °¢°¢ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í
¸í·É¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ acct
ÀÇ ¿ä¾à Á¤º¸ÀÌ´Ù. °èÁ¤ µµ±¸´Â ÀÌ·± Á¤º¸¸¦
º¸°íÇÏ°í, ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù.
ac
ac
can tell you how
long a particular user or group of users were connected to your system,
printing totals by day or for all of the entries in the
wtmp
file.
ac
´Â
ƯÁ¤ »ç¿ëÀÚ³ª ±×·ìÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿À·¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿¬°áÇß´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë·ÁÁØ´Ù.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀüºÎ¶Ç´Â ³¯Â¥º°·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
accton
last
last
,
you can search the wtmp
file for a particular user or
terminal name (to which the user was connected). Of special interest
are two fake users, `reboot' and `shutdown', which are
recorded when the system is shut down or reboots.
last
·Î wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀ» ƯÁ¤ »ç¿ëÀÚ³ª
Å͹̳ηΠ°Ë»öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µÎ Ưº°ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÎ `reboot'°ú
`shutdown'Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÄÑÁö°í ²¨Áö´Â °ÍÀ» ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù.
lastcomm
last
, you can search the
acct
file for a particular user, terminal, or command.
last
´Â acct
ÆÄÀÏÀ» ƯÁ¤ »ç¿ëÀÚ,
Å͹̳Î, ¸í·É¾î·Î °Ë»öÇÑ´Ù.
sa
acct
file into the
savacct
and usracct
file. It also
generates reports about commands, giving the number of invocations, cpu
time used, average core usage, etc.
acct
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ savacct
ÆÄÀÏ°ú
usracct
ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù. ¶Ç ¸í·É¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸(½ÇÇà Ƚ¼ö,
CPU »ç¿ë ½Ã°£, Æò±Õ ¸Þ¸ð¸® »ç¿ë·® µî)µµ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
dump-acct
dump-utmp
acct
and utmp
files in a human-readable format.
acct
ÆÄÀÏ°ú utmp
ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Ë¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô
Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
For more detailed information on any of these programs, check the
chapter with the program title.
°¢ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¢ ÀåÀ» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
ÆÄÀÏ À̸§°ú Àå¼Ò
The wtmp
and acct
files seem to live in different places
and have different names for every variant of u*x that exists. The name
wtmp
seems to be standard for the login accounting file, but the
process accounting file might be acct
or pacct
on your
system. To find the actual locations and names of these files on your
system, specify the --help
flag to any of the programs in this
package and the information will dumped to standard output.
Regardless of the names and locations of files on your system, this
manual will refer to the login accounting file as
¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ À¯´Ð½º¸¶´Ù
½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ ÆÄÀϸí°ú À§Ä¡¿Í »ó°ü¾øÀÌ, ÀÌ ¹®¼´Â ·Î±×ÀÎ °èÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏÀº
wtmp
and the
process accounting files as acct
, savacct
, and
usracct
.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ°ú acct
ÆÄÀÏÀº
´Ù¸¥ Àå¼Ò¿Í À̸§À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù. wtmp
´Â
º¸Åë Ç¥ÁØÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇÁö¸¸, ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °èÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ µû¶ó
acct
³ª pacct
ÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ ÀÌ ÆÄÀϵéÀÇ
½ÇÁ¦ À§Ä¡¿Í À̸§À» ¾Ë±â À§Çؼ °èÁ¤ µµ±¸¿¡ --help
¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé, Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î Á¤º¸°¡ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
wtmp
, ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °èÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏÀº acct
,
savacct
, usracct
·Î ÁöĪÇÑ´Ù.
°èÁ¤ µµ±¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç
I don't have any idea who originally wrote these utilities. If anybody
does, please send some mail to noel@gnu.ai.mit.edu
and I'll add
your information here!
Since the first alpha versions of this software in late 1993, many
people have contributed to the package. They are (in alphabetical
order):
³ª´Â ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» ´©°¡ óÀ½¿¡ ÀÛ¼ºÇß´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾È´Ù¸é
ÀÌ °÷¿¡ Ãß°¡½ÃÅ°°Ô
1993³â ù ¾ËÆÄ ¹öÀüÀÌ ³ª¿Â ÀÌÈÄ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °øÇåÀ» Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº
(¾ËÆĺª ¼øÀ¸·Î),
noel@gnu.ai.mit.edu
·Î ¸ÞÀÏÀ» º¸³»¶ó.
Eric Backus <ericb@lsid.hp.com>
gcc
and tacked on -Wall
etc. He also noticed that
file_rd.c
was doing pointer arithmetic on a void *
pointer
(non-ANSI).
gcc
¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í -Wall
µîÀ» Ãß°¡Çß´Ù.)
¶Ç file_rd.c
¿¡¼ (ANSI¿¡¼ Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº) void *
Æ÷ÀÎÅ͸¦ ¿¬»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ã¾Æ³¿.
Christoph Badura <bad@flatlin.ka.sub.org>
Michael Calwas <calwas@ttd.teradyne.com>
Alan Cox <iiitac@pyr.swan.ac.uk>
Scott Crosby <root@hypercube.res.cmu.edu>
--sort-real-time
for sa
.
sa
ÀÇ --sort-real-time
À» Á¦¾ÈÇÔ.
Solar Designer <solar@false.com>
sa
.
sa
¿¡¼ ¹ö±× ¼öÁ¤.
Dirk Eddelbuettel <edd@miles.econ.queensu.ca>
Jason Grant <jamalcol@pc-5530.bc.rogers.wave.ca>
sa
.
sa
¿¡¼ ¹öÆÛ¿À¹öÇÃ·Î¿ì ¹ö±× ¹ß°ß.
Kaveh R. Ghazi <ghazi@caip.rutgers.edu>
Susan Kleinmann <sgk@sgk.tiac.net>
Marek Michalkiewicz <marekm@i17linuxb.ists.pwr.wroc.pl>
--ip-address
flag for last
.
last
ÀÇ --ip-address
¿É¼Ç Á¦¾È.
David S. Miller <davem@caip.rutgers.edu>
Walter Mueller <walt@pi4.informatik.uni-mannheim.de>
Ian Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
Luc I. Suryo <root@patriots.nl.mugnet.org>
--user
flag for lastcomm
.
lastcomm
ÀÇ --user
¿É¼Ç Á¦¾È.
Pedro A M Vazquez <vazquez@iqm.unicamp.br>
Marco van Wieringen <Marco.van.Wieringen@mcs.nl.mugnet.org>
ac
The ac
command prints out a report of connect time (in hours)
based on the logins/logouts in the current wtmp
file.
A total is also printed out.
The accounting file wtmp
is maintained by init
and login
. Neither of these programs creates the file; if the
file is not there, no accounting is done. To begin accounting, create
the file with a length of zero. NOTE: the
wtmp
file can get really big, really fast. You might
want to trim it every once and a while.
GNU
°èÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏ
GNU ac
works nearly the same u*x ac
, though it's a little
smarter in its printing out of daily totals--it actually prints
every day, rather than skipping to the date of the next entry in
the wtmp
file.
ac
´Â ÇöÀç wtmp
¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ·Î±×Àΰú ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÀ» °¡Áö°í
¿¬°á ½Ã°£À» ½Ã°£ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ÃÑÇÕµµ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
wtmp
˼ init
°ú login
ÀÌ
°ü¸®ÇÑ´Ù. µÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µéÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é
°èÁ¤ ±â·ÏÀÌ ¾ÈÀϾÙ. °èÁ¤ ±â·ÏÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ·Á¸é Å©±â 0ÀÎ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¶ó.
ÁÖÀÇ! wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì »¡¸® Ä¿Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ÀÚÁÖ Å©±â¸¦ ÁÙ¿©Áà¾ß ÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
ac
´Â À¯´Ð½ºÀÇ ac
¿Í °ÅÀÇ ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀϺ° ÃѰ踦 Ãâ·ÂÇÒ ¶§, wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ Ç׸ñÀÇ ³¯Â¥·Î
³Ñ¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê°í, ¸ðµç ³¯Â¥¿¡ ´ëÇؼ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
¿É¼Ç
All of the original ac
's options have been implemented, and a few have
been added. Normally, when ac
is invoked, the output looks like
this:
¿ø·¡ ac
ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿É¼Ç°ú Ãß°¡·Î ¸î¸îÀÌ ±¸ÇöµÇÀÖ´Ù.
º¸Åë ac
Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
total 93867.14
where total is the number of hours of connect time for every entry in
the wtmp
file. The rest of the flags modify the
output in one way or another.
ÃÑÇÕÀº wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬°á ½Ã°£(½Ã°£ ´ÜÀ§)ÀÌ´Ù.
¿É¼ÇÀº Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» º¯°æÇÑ´Ù.
-d
--daily-totals
Jul 3 total 1.17 Jul 4 total 2.10 Jul 5 total 8.23 Jul 6 total 2.10 Jul 7 total 0.30
-p
--individual-totals
bob 8.06 goff 0.60 maley 7.37 root 0.12 total 16.15
people
-f filename
--file filename
wtmp
file.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ ´ë½Å filenameÀ» Àд´Ù.
--complain
wtmp
file has a problem (a time-warp, missing
record, or whatever), print out an appropriate error.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¹®Á¦(½Ã°£ °Å²Ù·Î °¡±â, ºüÁø Ç׸ñ µî)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é
Àû´çÇÑ ¿À·ù¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
--reboots
ac
's automatically count the
time between the login and the reboot record against the user (even
though all of that time shouldn't be, perhaps, if the system is
down for a long time, for instance). If you want to count this time,
include the flag. To make ac
behave like the one that
was distributed with your OS, include this flag.
ac
´Â
(½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿À·¡µ¿¾È ²¨Á® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ)
·Î±×Àΰú ÀçºÎÆà ±â·Ï »çÀ̸¦ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¿¬°á ½Ã°£À¸·Î º»´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½Ã°£À» Àç·Á¸é ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇ϶ó. ac
°¡
¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹èÆ÷µÈ °Í °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
--supplants
ac
behave like the one that was distributed with your OS, include
this flag.
ac
°¡
¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹èÆ÷µÈ °Í °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
--timewarps
wtmp
file will suddenly jump
back into the past without a clock change record occurring. It is
impossible to know how long a user was logged in when this occurs. If
you want to count the time between the login and the time warp against
the user, include this flag. To make ac
behave like the
one that was distributed with your OS, include this flag.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Ç׸ñÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ½Ã°£ ¼öÁ¤ ±â·Ï¾øÀÌ °©ÀÚ±â
°ú°Å·Î °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª »ç¿ëÇß´ÂÁö ¾Ë ¼ö
¾ø´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ·Î±×Àΰú ½Ã°£ °Ç³Ê¶Ù±â »çÀÌÀÇ ½Ã°£À» °è»êÇÏ·Á¸é
ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
ac
°¡
¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹èÆ÷µÈ °Í °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
--compatibility
-a
--all-days
-y
--print-year
--print-zeros
--debug
--tw-leniency value
wtmp
files might be slightly out of order (most
notably when two logins occur within a one-second period -- the second
one gets written first). By default, this value is set to 1 second.
Some wtmp
's are really screwed up (Suns) and require a
larger value here. If the program notices this problem, time is not
assigned to users unless the --timewarps
flag is used. See the
Problems section for more information.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº ¼ø¼°¡ Á¶±Ý µÚ¹Ù²ð ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
(´ëºÎºÐ 1ÃÊ »çÀÌ¿¡ µÎ ·Î±×ÀÎÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§·Î, µÚÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ¾²¿©Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)
±âº»°ªÀ¸·Î 60Ãʸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
(SunÀÇ) ¾î¶² wtmp
Àº ½ÇÁ¦·Î
¸Å¿ì µÚ¼¯ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¼ ´õ Å« °ªÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÑ °æ¿ì,
--timewarps
¿É¼ÇÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô
½Ã°£À» ´õÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº ¾Æ·¡ "¹®Á¦Á¡" ÀýÀ» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
--tw-suspicious value
wtmp
file are farther than this number of seconds
apart, there is a problem with the wtmp file (or your machine
hasn't been used in a year). If the program notices this problem, time
is not assigned to users unless the --timewarps
flag is used.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ µÎ ±â·ÏÀÌ ÀÌ °ª º¸´Ù ´õ ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
wtmp ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. (¾Æ´Ï¸é ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ Àϳ⠵¿¾È »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°Å³ª.)
ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÑ °æ¿ì, --timewarps
¿É¼ÇÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ½Ã°£À» ´õÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. (¿ªÁÖ; ±âº»°ªÀº 1³â(365ÀÏ)ÀÌ´Ù.)
-V
--version
ac
's version number.
ac
ÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-h
--help
ac
's usage string and default locations of system files to
standard output.
ac
ÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±âº» À§Ä¡¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î
Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
For no fault of
·Î±×ÀÎÀÌ (1ÃÊ ³»¿¡) °°Àº ½Ã°£¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇϸé
µÎ ac
's, if two logins occur at the same time
(within a second of each other), each login
process will try to
write an entry to the wtmp
file. With file system
overhead, it is forseeable that the entries would get written in the
wrong order. GNU ac
automatically compensates for this, but some
other ac
s may not... beware.
login
ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ wtmp
¿¡ °°ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀ» ÀûÀ¸·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛÀÌ °úµµÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ¸é, Ç׸ñµéÀÌ À߸øµÈ ¼ø¼·Î ¾²¿©Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
GNU ac
´Â À̸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ac
´Â ¾Æ´Ò ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Á¶½ÉÇضó.
FTP ¹®Á¦
I've tested the standard
Ultrix 4.2 (DECstation/DECsystem),
SunOS 4.1.1 (Sun3, Sun4, Sparc), Mach 2.5 (Omron/Luna), DomainOS
10.3 (DN3500)¿¡¼ Ç¥ÁØ ac
in Ultrix 4.2 (DECstation/DECsystem),
SunOS 4.1.1 (Sun3, Sun4, Sparc), Mach 2.5 (Omron/Luna), and DomainOS
10.3 (DN3500). All of these ac
s have trouble parsing entries in
which the line is ftp
xxxx (xxxx being some number).
Whenever these ac
s see one of these entries, they log everyone
out at the time of the entry.
ac
À» °Ë»çÇß´Ù. ¸ðµç ac
´Â
ftp
xxxx (xxxx´Â ¾î¶² ¼ýÀÚÀÌ´Ù) ÁÙÀ»
Çؼ®Çϴµ¥ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ac
°¡ ±× ÁÙÀ» ¸¸³ª¸é ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ
·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù.
HOW IT HAPPENS: if there is a user logged into the machine when an ftp connection occurs, (minimally) you'll get a login record for the user, a login record for the ftp connection, and the logouts for both afterwards (in either order).
TANGIBLE RESULT: the user who was logged in gets 'logged out'
at the time the ftp connection begins, and none of the time spent during
or after the ftp connection. Therefore, when you run GNU
¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ³ª: ftp ¿¬°áÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡
·Î±×ÀÎÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ·Î±×Àΰú ftp ¿¬°á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ·Î±×ÀÎ,
±×¸®°í ³ªÁß¿¡ µÑ ¸ðµÎÀÇ ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÀÌ (¾î¶² ¼ø¼·Îµç) ±â·ÏµÈ´Ù.
¿ÜÇü»ó °á°ú: ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ftp ¿¬°áÀÌ
½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ '·Î±×¾Æ¿ô'ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£Áֵǰí,
ftp ¿¬°áµ¿¾È ȤÀº ÈÄÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ´õÇØÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼
(GNU ac
,
the totals will most likely be greater than those of your system's
ac
(provided you specify the other flags that will make GNU
ac
behave like the system's).
ac
°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ °æ¿ì)
GNU ac
´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ac
º¸´Ù ´õ Å« ÃÑÇÕÀ»
¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ²ô°Å³ª Àç½ÃÀ۽à ¹®Á¦
On Suns, init
is a little screwed up. For some reason, after a
shutdown record is written, a reboot record is written with a time-stamp
before the shutdown (less than 30 seconds, usually).
TANGIBLE RESULT: GNU ac
will notice the problem, log
everyone out (you can specify if you want the time to be added to the
user's total) and begin a new day entry based on the time of the
out-of-sync record. If you try to print out daily totals, you'll notice
that some days might have two or more entries.
SOLUTION: To fix this, a timewarp leniency value has been
implemented. If any record is out of order by this number of seconds
(defaults to 60) it gets ignored. If you need to change this value (if
you think the totals are off because the value is too high), you can
change it using the `--timewarp-value' flag. The rationale for the
60 second default is that of all of the machines with this problem, the
largest timewarp was 45.
Sun¿¡¼
¿ÜÇü»ó °á°ú: GNU
ÇØ°áÃ¥: À̸¦ °íÄ¡±â À§Çؼ ½Ã°£°Ç³Ê¶Ü Çã¿ëÄ¡°¡
¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. ¾î¶² ±â·ÏÀÌ ÀÌ °ªº¸´Ù (±âº»°ª 60 ÃÊ) Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ³´Ù¸é ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
(°ªÀÌ ³Ê¹« Ä¿¼ ÃÑÇÕÀÌ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í °°ÀÌ) ÀÌ °ªÀ» º¯°æÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é
`--timewarp-value' ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ±âº»°ª 60ÃÊ´Â
ÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ ÃÖ´ë ½Ã°£°Ç³Ê¶ÜÀÌ 45ÀÓÀ» °¨¾ÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
init
´Â Á¶±Ý À߸ø ÇൿÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ²¨Áø ±â·ÏÀÌ
¾²¿©Áø ÈÄ Àç½ÃÀÛ ±â·ÏÀÌ ²¨Áö±â ÀüÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏµÈ´Ù. (º¸Åë 30ÃÊ À̳»)
ac
´Â ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϸé
¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÇÏ°í (½Ã°£ÀÌ »ç¿ëÀÚ ÃÑÇÕ¿¡ Ãß°¡µÇ±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù¸é ±×·¸°Ô
ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù), µ¿±âÈ°¡ ¾ÈµÈ ±â·ÏÀÇ ½Ã°£¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ±× ³¯ÀÇ
±â·ÏÀ» µû·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ³¯Â¥º° ÃÑÇÕÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ¾î¶² ³¯ÀÌ ¿©·¯¹ø
Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¸ÛûÇÑ System V
Some ac
's on System V machines (I've tried SGI Indigo & SGI Indy)
forget to pay attention to the ut_type
field in a struct
utmp
. As such, they chalk up a lot of time to non-existant processes
called LOGIN
or runlevel
.
TANGIBLE RESULT: The amount of total time reported by the
system's ac
is really off. Often, it's several times
greater than what it should be.
SOLUTION: GNU
¿ÜÇü»ó °á°ú: ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ
ÇØ°áÃ¥: GNU ac
always pays attention to the
ut_type
record, so there's no possibility of chalking up time to
anything but user processes.
(³ª´Â SGI Indigo¿Í SGI Indy¸¦ °Ë»çÇß´Ù) System VÀÇ ¾î¶² ac
´Â
struct utmp
ÀÇ
ut_type
Çʵ带 ½Å°æ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼ LOGIN
À̳ª
runlevel
°ú °°Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿¡ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£À» ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù.
ac
°¡ º¸°íÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº
½Ã°£Àº »ç½Ç »ç¿ë¾ÈÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ÃÑÇÕÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ ¸î¹è·Î
º¸°íµÈ´Ù.
ac
´Â Ç×»ó ut_type
Çʵ带 ½Å°æ¾²±â ¶§¹®¿¡, »ç¿ëÀÚ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º ¿ÜÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ±â·ÏµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
accton
accton
turns process accounting on or off. To save process
accounting information in accountingfile, use:
accton accountingfile
If called with no arguments, it will, by default, stop process
accounting.
¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±âº» ÇൿÀ¸·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °èÁ¤À» ²ö´Ù.
accton
Àº ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °èÁ¤ ±â·ÏÀ» Å°°í ²ö´Ù. ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °èÁ¤
Á¤º¸¸¦ accountingfile¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÏ·Á¸é,
accton accountingfile
¿É¼Ç
-V
--version
accton
's version number.
accton
ÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-h
--help
accton
's usage string and default locations of system files
to standard output.
accton
ÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±âº» À§Ä¡¸¦
Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
last
last
looks through the wtmp
file (which records
all logins/logouts) and prints information about connect times of users.
Records are printed from most recent to least recent. Records can be
specified by tty and username. tty names can be abbreviated: `last
0' is equivalent to `last tty0'.
Multiple arguments can be specified: `last root console' will print
all of the entries for the user
¿©·¯ ¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. `last root console'Àº
»ç¿ëÀÚ root
and all entries logged in on
the console
tty.
last
´Â (¸ðµç ·Î±×Àΰú ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÀÌ ±â·ÏµÈ) wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸°í
»ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¿¬°á ½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. Å͹̳ÎÀ̸§°ú »ç¿ëÀÚ¸íÀ¸·Î
Ãâ·ÂÇÒ ³»¿ëÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù. Å͹̳ÎÀ̸§Àº ÁÙ¿©¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
`last 0'Àº `last tty0'°ú °°´Ù.
root
³ª Å͹̳Πconsole
·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ
¸ðµç ±â·ÏÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
The special users reboot
and shutdown
log in when the
system reboots or (surprise) shuts down. `last reboot' will
produce a record of reboot times.
If last
is interrupted by a quit signal, it prints out how far
its search in the wtmp
file had reached and then
quits:
weerapan ttyq6 132.162.32.37 Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21 (00:13) weerapan ttyq6 132.162.32.37 Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21 (00:13) interrupted at Mon Feb 15 19:07:52 1993
Ưº°ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î reboot
°ú shutdown
˼
½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Àç½ÃÀÛÇϰųª ²¨Áø ¶§¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù. `last reboot'Àº
½Ã½ºÅÛ Àç½ÃÀÛ ±â·ÏÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
last
°¡ quit ½Ã±×³Î·Î ÁߴܵǸé, wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼
±×¶§±îÁö ãÀº °ÍÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÏ°í Á¾·áÇÑ´Ù.
weerapan ttyq6 132.162.32.37 Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21 (00:13) weerapan ttyq6 132.162.32.37 Mon Feb 15 19:07 - 19:21 (00:13) interrupted at Mon Feb 15 19:07:52 1993
This program implements the features of regular u*x last
with a few
extra flags. When last
is invoked with no arguments, the output
looks like this:
gr151 ttyp2 ray.cs.oberlin.e Tue Feb 16 17:40 still logged in jhoggard ttyp2 csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:39 - 17:39 (00:00) jstarr ttyp1 UNIX5.ANDREW.CMU Tue Feb 16 17:38 still logged in jberman ttypb 132.162.32.25 Tue Feb 16 17:34 still logged in alee ttyp7 csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:34 still logged in jbrick ttyp2 ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:33 - 17:36 (00:03) mbastedo ttypc ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:25 - 17:26 (00:01) rgoodste ttypb ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:22 - 17:26 (00:03) huttar ttyp9 lobby.ti.com Tue Feb 16 17:19 still logged in klutz ttyp3 132.162.32.25 Tue Feb 16 17:14 still logged in
ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº º¸Åë À¯´Ð½º last
¿¡ ¸î¸î ¿É¼ÇÀ» Ãß°¡Çß´Ù.
last
À» ¿É¼Ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
gr151 ttyp2 ray.cs.oberlin.e Tue Feb 16 17:40 still logged in jhoggard ttyp2 csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:39 - 17:39 (00:00) jstarr ttyp1 UNIX5.ANDREW.CMU Tue Feb 16 17:38 still logged in jberman ttypb 132.162.32.25 Tue Feb 16 17:34 still logged in alee ttyp7 csts.cs.oberlin. Tue Feb 16 17:34 still logged in jbrick ttyp2 ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:33 - 17:36 (00:03) mbastedo ttypc ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:25 - 17:26 (00:01) rgoodste ttypb ocvaxa.cc.oberli Tue Feb 16 17:22 - 17:26 (00:03) huttar ttyp9 lobby.ti.com Tue Feb 16 17:19 still logged in klutz ttyp3 132.162.32.25 Tue Feb 16 17:14 still logged in
--no-truncate-ftp-entries
ftp
xxxx entries.
ftp
xxxx Ç׸ñÀÇ
¼ýÀÚ ºÎºÐÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
-number
-n number
--lines number
last
prints.
last
°¡ Ãâ·ÂÇÒ ÁÙ¼ö¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù.
-f filename
--file filename
wtmp
file.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ ´ë½Å ÆÄÀÏ filenameÀ»
Àд´Ù.
-y
--print-year
-s
--print-seconds
--complain
wtmp
file has a problem (a time-warp, missing
record, or whatever), print out an appropriate error.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ (½Ã°£°Ç³Ê¶Ü, ºüÁø ±â·Ï µî) ÀÖÀ» ¶§,
Àû´çÇÑ ¿À·ù¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-x
--more-records
-a
--all-records
wtmp
file.
wtmp
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç ±â·ÏÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-i
--ip-address
last
print the IP address instead of
the hostname.
last
°¡ È£½ºÆ®À̸§ ´ë½Å IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÏ°Ô
ÇÑ´Ù.
--tw-leniency value
ac
chapter for information.
ac
ÀåÀ» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
--tw-suspicious value
ac
chapter for information.
ac
ÀåÀ» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
--debug
-V
--version
last
's version number.
last
ÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-h
--help
last
's usage string and default locations of system files
to standard output.
last
ÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±âº» À§Ä¡¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
Of the last
s I've tried, all of them have had problems parsing a
system clock change. Instead of modifying the entries that have been
read, they just ignore the change and give you incorrect values. GNU
last
knows about clock changes and prints the correct times.
TANGIBLE RESULT: if you
³»°¡ °Ë»çÇÑ ¸ðµç diff
the output of your
last
and GNU last
, entries after (before, rather) a clock
change will be off by the amount of the clock change.
last
´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ½Ã°£ ¼öÁ¤À» ó¸®Çϴµ¥
¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀÐÀº Ç׸ñÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å, º¯È¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ°í
À߸øµÈ °á°ú¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. GNU last
´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ½Ã°£ º¯È¸¦
°¨¾ÈÇÏ¿© ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ½Ã°£À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
FTP ¹®Á¦
Most last
s that I've examined have the same problem here as
ac
does--they log everyone out as soon as they see an ftp entry.
TANGIBLE RESULT: GNU
³»°¡ »ìÆ캻 ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
¿ÜÇü»ó °á°ú: GNU last
will reflect the correct time
spent in an ftp session, so the totals that it gives will most likely be
greater than those given by the system last
.
last
´Â ac
¿Í °°ÀÌ
ftp Ç׸ñÀ» º¸´Â ¼ø°£ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ·Î±×¾Æ¿ô½ÃÅ°´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
last
´Â ftp ¿¬°á½Ã¿¡µµ
Á¤È®ÇÑ ½Ã°£À» ±â·ÏÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ last
º¸´Ù
´õ Å« ÃÑÇÕÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
lastcomm
lastcomm
prints out information about previously executed
commands. If no arguments are specified, lastcomm
will print
info about all of the commands in the acct
file (the
record file). If called with a command name, user name, or tty name,
only records containing those items will be displayed. For example, to
find out which users used command `a.out' and which users were
logged into `tty0', type:
lastcomm a.out tty0
lastcomm
Àº Àü¿¡ ½ÇÇàÇÑ ¸í·É¾îµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
lastcomm
¸¦ ¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ® ¾øÀÌ ½ÇÇàÇϸé (±â·Ï ÆÄÀÏÀÎ)
acct
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ¸í·É¾îÀ̸§, »ç¿ëÀÚ¸í,
Å͹̳ÎÀ̸§À¸·Î ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é ¿¬°üµÈ ±â·Ï¸¸À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î,
`a.out'¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϾú°Å³ª(OR) Å͹̳Π`tty0'·Î
·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ã±â À§Çؼ´Â,
lastcomm a.out tty0
This will print any entry for which `a.out' or `tty0' matches in any of the record's fields (command, name, or tty). If you want to find only items that match ALL of the arguments on the command line, you must use the '--strict-match' option. For example, to list all of the executions of command `a.out' by user `root' on terminal `tty0', type:
lastcomm --strict-match a.out root tty0
The order of the arguments is not important.
For each entry the following information is printed:
À§´Â ¾î´À ±â·Ï Çʵ忡¼ (¸í·É¾î, À̸§, ȤÀº Å͹̳Î) `a.out'³ª
`tty0'ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸é Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ¸í·ÉÇà¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸ðµç(AND) ¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀ» ã±â À§Çؼ´Â '--strict-match' ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇ϶ó.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Å͹̳Π`tty0'·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ `root'°¡
`a.out'¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÑ ±â·ÏÀ» º¸±â À§Çؼ´Â,
¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ® ¼ø¼´Â Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
´ÙÀ½ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
lastcomm --strict-match a.out root tty0
This program implements the features of regular u*x lastcomm
with
a few extra flags. When lastcomm
is invoked without arguments,
the output looks like this:
nslookup jberman ttypb 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 comsat root __ 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:19 uptime ctilburg __ 0.11 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 sh F ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 sleep ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:22 ls noel ttyp4 0.19 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº º¸Åë À¯´Ð½º lastcomm
¿¡ ¸î¸î ¿É¼ÇÀ»
Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. lastcomm
À» ¿É¼Ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
nslookup jberman ttypb 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 comsat root __ 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:19 uptime ctilburg __ 0.11 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 sh F ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23 sleep ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:22 ls noel ttyp4 0.19 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
--strict-match
--user name
ed
).
ed
¿Í °°ÀÌ)
»ç¿ëÀÚ¸íÀÌ ¸í·É¾îÀ̸§°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÒ °æ¿ì À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù.
--command name
--tty name
-f filename
--file filename
acct
file.
acct
ÆÄÀÏ ´ë½Å filenameÀ» Àд´Ù.
--debug
--version
lastcomm
's version number.
lastcomm
ÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
--help
lastcomm
's usage string and default locations of system
files to standard output.
lastcomm
ÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±âº» À§Ä¡¸¦
Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
sa
sa
summarizes information about previously executed commands as
recorded in the acct
file. In addition, it condenses this data
into the savacct
summary file, which contains the
number of times the command was called and the system resources used.
The information can also be summarized on a per-user basis; sa
will save this information into usracct
. Usage:
sa [opts] [file]
sa
´Â acct
ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ½ÇÇàÇÑ ¸í·É¾îµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù. Ãß°¡·Î ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÑ È½¼ö¿Í »ç¿ëµÈ
½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÚ¿øÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ´Â savacct
¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÀÚº°·Î ÀÛ¼ºÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. sa
´Â ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦
usracct
¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù.
sa [opts] [file]
If no arguments are specified, sa
will print information about
all of the commands in the acct
file. If command
names have unprintable characters, or are only called once, sa
will sort them into a group called ***other
.
If called with a file name as the last argument, sa
will use that
file instead of acct
.
By default, sa
will sort the output by sum of user and system
time.
The output fields are labeled as follows:
¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é
¸¶Áö¸· ¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®·Î ÆÄÀϸíÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé
±âº»°ªÀ¸·Î
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¤º¸°¡ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
acct
ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸í·É¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦
Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ¸í·É¾îÀ̸§¿¡ Ãâ·ÂµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹®ÀÚ°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú°Å³ª ¸í·É¾î°¡ Çѹø¸¸
½ÇÇàµÈ °æ¿ì, sa
´Â ***other
¶ó´Â ±×·ìÀ¸·Î
Á¤·ÄÇÑ´Ù.
acct
ÆÄÀÏ ´ë½Å ±×
ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
sa
´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ ½Ã°£°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ÇÕÀ¸·Î
Ãâ·ÂÀ» Á¤·ÄÇÑ´Ù.
cpu
re
k
avio
tio
k*sec
k
¿Í »ç¿ë ½Ã°£(½Ã½ºÅÛ ½Ã°£°ú »ç¿ëÀÚ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ÇÕ, cpu
)ÀÇ °ö
u
s
An asterisk will appear after the name of commands that forked but
didn't call exec
.
forkµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ exec
¸¦ ºÎ¸£Áö ¾ÊÀº ¸í·É¾îÀ̸§ µÚ¿¡
`*'ÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù.
¿É¼Ç
-a
--list-all-names
sa
not to sort those command names with unprintable
characters and those used only once into the `***other
' group.
***other
±×·ìÀ¸·Î Á¤·ÄÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
-b
--sort-sys-user-div-calls
-c
--percentages
-d
--sort-avio
-D
--sort-tio
-f
--not-interactive
--threshold
option, assume that all answers to
interactive queries will be affirmative.
--threshold
¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§, ¸ðµç ¹°À½¿¡
Âù¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
-i
--dont-read-summary-file
savacct
.
savacct
ÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÐÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
-j
--print-seconds
-k
--sort-cpu-avmem
-K
--sort-ksec
k*sec
À¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÀ» Á¤·ÄÇÑ´Ù.
-l
--separate-times
cpu
.
cpu
Ç׸ñÀ¸·Î ÇÕ°è°¡ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
-m
--user-summary
-n
--sort-num-calls
-r
--reverse-sort
-s
--merge
savacct
and usracct
.
savacct
, usracct
¿Í
ÇÕÄ£´Ù.
-t
--print-ratio
*ignore*
will appear in this field.
*ignore*
ÀÌ ´ë½Å Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
-u
--print-users
-v num
--threshold num
y
, add the
command to the **junk**
group.
y
·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù¸é ¸í·É¾î¸¦
**junk**
±×·ì¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
--separate-forks
sa
separates statistics for a particular executable depending on
whether or not that command forked. Therefore, GNU sa
lumps this
information together unless this option is specified.
sa
°¡ ¿Ö ¸í·É¾î¸¦ fork ÈÄ exec ¿©ºÎ·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ´ÂÁö
ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, GNU sa
´Â
À̸¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
--sort-real-time
--debug
-V
--version
sa
's version number.
sa
ÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
-h
--help
sa
's usage string and default locations of system files to
standard output.
sa
ÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ±âº» À§Ä¡¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
Note: if more than one sorting option is specified, the list
will be sorted by the one specified last on the command line.
ÁÖÀÇ: Á¤·Ä ¿É¼ÇÀ» ¿©·¯°³ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¸¶Áö¸· °ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¹®Á¦Á¡
I haven't been able to test this on many different machines because the data files grow so big in a short time; our sysadmin would rather save the disk space.
Most versions of
ÀÚ·á ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ³Ê¹« »¡¸® Ä¿Á®¹ö·Á¼ ¸¹Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ °Ë»çÇغ¸Áö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù.
³»°¡ °Ë»çÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ sa
that I've tested don't pay attention to flags
like --print-seconds
and --sort-num-calls
when printing
out commands when combined with the --user-summary
or
--print-users
flags. GNU sa
pays attention to these flags
if they are applicable.
sa
´Â --user-summary
³ª
--print-users
¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§,
--print-seconds
¿Í --sort-num-calls
µîÀÇ ¿É¼ÇÀ»
¹«½ÃÇß´Ù. GNU sa
´Â ÀÌµé ¿É¼ÇÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
mipsÀÇ sa
The average memory use is stored as a short rather than a double, so we
suffer from round-off errors. GNU
Æò±Õ ¸Þ¸ð¸® »ç¿ë·®ÀÌ double ´ë½Å short·Î ÀúÀåµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼Ò¼öÁ¡ ¾Æ·¡°¡
©·È´Ù. GNU sa
uses double the whole way
through.
sa
´Â ¸ðµç °úÁ¤¿¡¼ doubleÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
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