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The following information describes how to install g77.
Note that, for users of the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
much of the information is obsolete,
and is superseded by the
GCC installation procedures.
Such information is accordingly omitted and flagged as such.
Warning: The information below is still under development,
and might not accurately reflect the g77 code base
of which it is a part.
Efforts are made to keep it somewhat up-to-date,
but they are particularly concentrated
on any version of this information
that is distributed as part of a released g77.
In particular, while this information is intended to apply to
the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
only an official release of that version
is expected to contain documentation that is
most consistent with the g77 product in that version.
The following information was last updated on 1999-07-17:
g77.
g77 internals before building.
g77.
For users of the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
this information is superseded by the
GCC installation instructions.
This is a list of problems (and some apparent problems which don't really mean anything is wrong) that show up when configuring, building, installing, or porting GNU Fortran.
See section `Installation Problems' in Using and Porting GNU CC,
for more information on installation problems that can afflict
either gcc or g77.
These problems can occur on most or all systems.
gcc needn't be patched.
f771 fails.
g77 developers.
LANGUAGES is ignored.
Compiling g77 requires GNU C, not just ANSI C.
Fixing this wouldn't
be very hard (just tedious), but the code using GNU extensions to
the C language is expected to be rewritten for 0.6 anyway,
so there are no plans for an interim fix.
This requirement does not mean you must already have gcc
installed to build g77.
As long as you have a working C compiler, you can use a
"bootstrap" build to automate the process of first building
gcc using the working C compiler you have, then building
g77 and rebuilding gcc using that just-built gcc,
and so on.
g77 no longer requires application of a patch file
to the gcc compiler tree.
In fact, no such patch file is distributed with g77.
This is as of version 0.5.23
and egcs version 1.0.
It should be possible to build the runtime without building cc1
and other non-Fortran items, but, for now, an easy way to do that
is not yet established.
This information does not apply to
the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
It'd be helpful if g77's `Makefile.in' or `Make-lang.in'
would create the various `stagen' directories and their
subdirectories, so developers and expert installers wouldn't have to
reconfigure after cleaning up.
That help has arrived as of version 0.5.23 of g77
and version 1.1 of egcs.
Configuration itself no longer creates any particular directories
that are unique to g77.
The build procedures in `Make-lang.in' take care of
that, on demand.
Prior to version 0.5.23 of g77
and version 1.1 of egcs,
g77 would sometimes ignore
the absence of f77 and F77 in the
LANGUAGES macro definition used for the
make command being processed.
As of g77 version 0.5.23
and egcs version 1.1,
g77 now obeys this macro
in all relevant situations.
However, in versions of gcc through 2.8.1,
non-g77 portions of gcc,
such as g++,
are known to go ahead and perform various
language-specific activities when their
respective language strings do not appear
in the LANGUAGES macro in effect
during that invocation of make.
It is expected that these remaining problems will
be fixed in a future version of gcc.
A linker bug on some versions of AIX 4.1 might prevent building
when g77 is built within gcc.
See section LINKFAIL.
g77 has been in alpha testing since September of
1992, and in public beta testing since February of 1995.
Alpha testing was done by a small number of people worldwide on a fairly
wide variety of machines, involving self-compilation in most or
all cases.
Beta testing has been done primarily via self-compilation,
but in more and more cases, cross-compilation (and "criss-cross
compilation", where a version of a compiler is built on one machine
to run on a second and generate code that runs on a third) has
been tried and has succeeded, to varying extents.
Generally, g77 can be ported to any configuration to which
gcc, f2c, and libf2c can be ported and made
to work together, aside from the known problems described in this
manual.
If you want to port g77 to a particular configuration,
you should first make sure gcc and libf2c can be
ported to that configuration before focusing on g77, because
g77 is so dependent on them.
Even for cases where gcc and libf2c work,
you might run into problems with cross-compilation on certain machines,
for several reasons.
g77 as a cross-compiler in some cases,
though there are assumptions made during
configuration that probably make doing non-self-hosting builds
a hassle, requiring manual intervention.
gcc might still have some trouble being configured
for certain combinations of machines.
For example, it might not know how to handle floating-point
constants.
libg2c is built could make
building g77 as a cross-compiler easier--for example,
passing and using `$(LD)' and `$(AR)' in the appropriate
ways.
(This is improved in the egcs version of g77,
especially as of version 1.1.)
libg2c) for a target
system, depending on the systems involved in the configuration.
(This is a general problem with cross-compilation, and with
gcc in particular.)
Here are some internal g77 settings that can be changed
by editing source files in `gcc/gcc/f/' before building.
This information, and perhaps even these settings, represent
stop-gap solutions to problems people doing various ports
of g77 have encountered.
As such, none of the following information is expected to
be pertinent in future versions of g77.
MXUNIT.
g77
as a cross-compiler.
DATA
initialization.
As distributed, whether as part of f2c or g77,
libf2c accepts file unit numbers only in the range
0 through 99.
For example, a statement such as `WRITE (UNIT=100)' causes
a run-time crash in libf2c, because the unit number,
100, is out of range.
If you know that Fortran programs at your installation require
the use of unit numbers higher than 99, you can change the
value of the MXUNIT macro, which represents the maximum unit
number, to an appropriately higher value.
To do this, edit the file `gcc/libf2c/libI77/fio.h' in your
g77 source tree, changing the following line:
#define MXUNIT 100
Change the line so that the value of MXUNIT is defined to be
at least one greater than the maximum unit number used by
the Fortran programs on your system.
(For example, a program that does `WRITE (UNIT=255)' would require
MXUNIT set to at least 256 to avoid crashing.)
Then build or rebuild g77 as appropriate.
Note: Changing this macro has no effect on other limits
your system might place on the number of files open at the same time.
That is, the macro might allow a program to do `WRITE (UNIT=100)',
but the library and operating system underlying libf2c might
disallow it if many other files have already been opened (via OPEN or
implicitly via READ, WRITE, and so on).
Information on how to increase these other limits should be found
in your system's documentation.
Some Fortran programs require output
(writes) to be flushed to the operating system (under UNIX,
via the fflush() library call) so that errors,
such as disk full, are immediately flagged via the relevant
ERR= and IOSTAT= mechanism, instead of such
errors being flagged later as subsequent writes occur, forcing
the previously written data to disk, or when the file is
closed.
Essentially, the difference can be viewed as synchronous error reporting (immediate flagging of errors during writes) versus asynchronous, or, more precisely, buffered error reporting (detection of errors might be delayed).
libg2c supports flagging write errors immediately when
it is built with the ALWAYS_FLUSH macro defined.
This results in a libg2c that runs slower, sometimes
quite a bit slower, under certain circumstances--for example,
accessing files via the networked file system NFS--but the
effect can be more reliable, robust file I/O.
If you know that Fortran programs requiring this level of precision
of error reporting are to be compiled using the
version of g77 you are building, you might wish to
modify the g77 source tree so that the version of
libg2c is built with the ALWAYS_FLUSH macro
defined, enabling this behavior.
To do this, find this line in `gcc/libf2c/f2c.h' in
your g77 source tree:
/* #define ALWAYS_FLUSH */
Remove the leading `/* ', so the line begins with `#define', and the trailing ` */'.
Then build or rebuild g77 as appropriate.
g77, on most machines, puts many variables and arrays on the stack
where possible, and can be configured (by changing
FFECOM_sizeMAXSTACKITEM in `gcc/gcc/f/com.c') to force
smaller-sized entities into static storage (saving
on stack space) or permit larger-sized entities to be put on the
stack (which can improve run-time performance, as it presents
more opportunities for the GBE to optimize the generated code).
Note: Putting more variables and arrays on the stack
might cause problems due to system-dependent limits on stack size.
Also, the value of FFECOM_sizeMAXSTACKITEM has no
effect on automatic variables and arrays.
See section Bugs Not In GNU Fortran, for more information.
The g77 build will crash if an attempt is made to build
it as a cross-compiler
for a target when g77 cannot reliably determine the bit pattern of
floating-point constants for the target.
Planned improvements for version 0.6 of g77
will give it the capabilities it needs to not have to crash the build
but rather generate correct code for the target.
(Currently, g77
would generate bad code under such circumstances if it didn't crash
during the build, e.g. when compiling a source file that does
something like `EQUIVALENCE (I,R)' and `DATA R/9.43578/'.)
A warning message is issued when g77 sees code that provides
initial values (e.g. via DATA) to an aggregate area (COMMON
or EQUIVALENCE, or even a large enough array or CHARACTER
variable)
that is large enough to increase g77's compile time by roughly
a factor of 10.
This size currently is quite small, since g77
currently has a known bug requiring too much memory
and time to handle such cases.
In `gcc/gcc/f/data.c', the macro
FFEDATA_sizeTOO_BIG_INIT_ is defined
to the minimum size for the warning to appear.
The size is specified in storage units,
which can be bytes, words, or whatever, on a case-by-case basis.
After changing this macro definition, you must
(of course) rebuild and reinstall g77 for
the change to take effect.
Note that, as of version 0.5.18, improvements have
reduced the scope of the problem for sparse
initialization of large arrays, especially those
with large, contiguous uninitialized areas.
However, the warning is issued at a point prior to
when g77 knows whether the initialization is sparse,
and delaying the warning could mean it is produced
too late to be helpful.
Therefore, the macro definition should not be adjusted to reflect sparse cases. Instead, adjust it to generate the warning when densely initialized arrays begin to cause responses noticeably slower than linear performance would suggest.
g77 used to warn when it was used to compile Fortran code
for a target configuration that is not basically a 32-bit
machine (such as an Alpha, which is a 64-bit machine, especially
if it has a 64-bit operating system running on it).
That was because g77 was known to not work
properly on such configurations.
As of version 0.5.20, g77 is believed to work well
enough on such systems.
So, the warning is no longer needed or provided.
However, support for 64-bit systems, especially in areas such as cross-compilation and handling of intrinsics, is still incomplete. The symptoms are believed to be compile-time diagnostics rather than the generation of bad code. It is hoped that version 0.6 will completely support 64-bit systems.
For users of the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
this information is superseded by the
GCC installation instructions.
For users of the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
this information is superseded by the
GCC installation instructions.
For users of the GCC-2.97 version of g77,
this information is superseded by the
GCC installation instructions.
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