GNU fileutils

ƿƼ

3.16 , 25 November 1996

David MacKenzie et al.


Copyright (C) 1994, 95, 96 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.

Ұ

̿ϼ̴: ʺڿ ⺻ Ͽ ϱ  õ ʴ´. , ̰ ִٸ, ϴ ϶. GNU ü ü ̴.

GNU ƿƼ κ POSIX.2 ǥذ ȣȯȴ.

Please report bugs to `fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section `Bugs' in GNU CC.

This manual is based on the Unix man pages in the distribution, which were originally written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. Fran@,{c}ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process.

ɼ

 ɼ α׷ ο ̿ ϴ. (, GNU α׷ ɼ ؾ Ѵ). α׷ ͺٴ, ⿡ ϰڴ.

`--help'
̿ ɼ ϸ鼭 ޼ ϰ, ´.
`--version'
ڸ ϰ, ´.

ɼ

GNU α׷ ( cp, install, ln, ׸ mv) ϱ . ɼ Ѵ. Ư α׷ ȿ ɼ Ͽ ϱ⵵ Ѵ.

`-b'
`--backup'
ų Ϸ ϴ . ɼ ٸ, ıȴ.
`-S suffix'
`--suffix=suffix'
`-b' ̸ suffix ÷Ѵ. ɼ ʾҴٸ, SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX ȯ . ׸ SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX ʾҴٸ, ⺻ Emacs `~'̴.
`-V method'
`--version-control=method'
`-b' ϱ method Ѵ. ɼ ʾҴٸ, VERSION_CONTROL ȯ . ׸ VERSION_CONTROL ʾҴٸ, ⺻ `existing'̴. ɼ Emacs `version-control' ġѴ; method Emacs ޾Ƶδ. Ǯ Ī ִ. ȿ method (Ư ڵ ޾Ƶδ):
`t'
`numbered'
׻ ڰ Ű 纻 .
`nil'
`existing'
̹ ڰ Ű ִٸ ڰ Ű 纻 , ٸ Ϳ ؼ ܼ 纻 .
`never'
`simple'
׻ ܼ 纻 .

ڰ Ͽ ִ ϴ (permission) ִ. 㰡 (access mode) θ. ȣ ڷ װ͵ Ÿ ִ.

ڰ Ͽ ִ 㰡 ִ:

  1. б 㰡. 丮, 丮 ϱ 㰡 ǹѴ.
  2. Ͽ (ȭ ֱ ) ϱ 㰡. 丮, ȿ ϰ ϱ 㰡 ǹѴ.
  3. (α׷μ) ϱ 㰡. 丮, ȿ Ͽ ϱ 㰡 ǹѴ.

Ͽ ۾  ϱ ٸ 㰡 ִ η ڵ ִ:

  1. ;
  2. ׷쿡 ٸ ڵ;
  3. ٸ ̴.

ű⿡ ֿ ׷ οȴ. ִ ̸ ׷ ϴ 丮 ׷,  ü, ü, ׸ پϴ. ֿ ׷ chown chgrp ɾ ٲ ִ.

Ͽ 㰡 Ͽ, 㰡 Ư Ҹ ִµ, ִ (α׷), ý۰ 丮 ģ.

  1. 㰡 ȿ ID Ѵ (setuid Ʈ θ). 丮  ȿ .
  2. 㰡 ȿ ׸ ID Ѵ (setgid Ʈ θ). ý 丮, 丮 ȿ ϵ, ڰ  ׷쿡 ϵ, 丮 ׷ ȿ ִ´.
  3. α׷ ؽƮ ̹ ӽ ġ ؼ ε ̴. (sticky Ʈ θ). ý 丮, ڰ ׵ 丮 ȿ ϵ ϴ ´; ̰ 丮 ÷ ̶ θ.

ɺ

ɺ (symbolic mode) ǿ ȭ ȣ ۾ν Ÿ. װ͵ ǿ Ǵ κ, umask Ͽ ϵ Ѵ(see section Umask ȣ).

ɺ :

[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]

̾ ܶ ɺ ڿ ٸ ׸ Ѵ.

㰡 ⺻ ɺ  ڰ б, , ׸ ϱ 㰡 ߰, , ϴ ̴. ̴ :

users operation permissions

κ ̴; ɺ .

users κ Ͽ  ȭų ش. װ ϳ Ǵ ̻ ӵ ڷ (Ǵ ִ; Ͼ Ͽ ؼ, see section Umask ȣ). ϳ ̻ ־ٸ, ׵ ϴ ߿ ʴ.

u
ϴ ;
g
׷쿡 ϴ ٸ ;
o
;
a
; `ugo'

operation κ Ͽ ޴  ٲٴ ָ, ϳ:

+
users ̹ Ͽ  㰡 ִ permissions ߰ϴ ;
-
users ̹ Ͽ  㰡 ִ permissions ϴ ;
=
permissions users Ͽ 㰡 ̴.

permission κ Ͽ  ٲ ϴ ش; 0 Ǵ ̴̻. users κп ־ , ̻ ־ ߿ ʴ. permissions κ ߸ `=' ڿ ִµ, Ư usersԸ Ͽ ο ʴ´.

r
users б 㰡;
w
users 㰡;
x
users ϱ 㰡.

, ο а 㰡 ο ϱ 㰡 ο ʱ ؼ, ̷ ϶:

a=rw

ֿʹ ٸ ڷκ 㰡 ϱ ؼ, ̷ ϶:

go-w

ְ ٿ ġ , ٸ ڵ аų ִ ο ġ ʴ´.

ָ ο ۾ ִ  㰡 ʱ ؼ, Ʒ 带 ϶. ٸ ڵ, ϴ 丮 㰡 ִٸ, ̴.

go=

üȭϴ ٸ :

og-rxw

㰡 ϱ

㰡 㰡 ִ. ̰ Ϸ, `r', `w', Ǵ `x' ڸ ϴ , `u', `g', Ǵ `o' ϶. ,

o+g

׷쿡 ڿ 㰡 ٸ ڵ Ͽ 㰡 ߰Ѵ. ׷Ƿ, 664(`rw-rw-r--') ٸ, 666(`rw-rw-rw') ٲ ̴. 741(`rwxr----x')̾ٸ, 745(`rwxr--r-x') ٲ ̴. `-' `=' ڵ ϰ Ѵ.

Ư 㰡 ٲٱ

б, , ׸ 㰡 ϴ Ϳ ߰, Ư 㰡 ִ. ̷ 㰡鿡 , See section .

࿡ ־ ID ϴ 㰡 Ϸ, ɺ users κп `u' ϰ permissions κп `s' ϶.

࿡ ־ ׷ ID ϴ 㰡 Ϸ, ɺ users κп `g' ϰ permissions κп `s' ϶.

ӽ ġ ϱ 㰡 Ϸ, ɺ users κп `o' ϰ permissions κп `t' ϶.

 α׷ ID 㰡 ߰Ϸ, 带 ִ:

u+s

α׷κ ID 㰡 ׷ ID 㰡 Ϸ, 带 ִ:

ug-s

α׷ ӽ ġ ϵ ϰ Ϸ, 带 ִ:

o+t

Ư 㰡 ִ ϵ鿡, ýۿ ߰ 丮 (丮 ۾  ýۿ ٸ ǹ̸ ⵵ Ѵ; see section ) ģٴ ϶. ɺ users κп `a' Ư 㰡 ġ ʴ´; ׷Ƿ,

a+s

. Ư 㰡 ġ ؼ `u', `g', ׸ `o' ؾ Ѵ. , `u+t', `g+t', ׸ `o+s' .

`=' ڵ Ư 㰡 ׸ ʴ;  :

o=t

ӽ ġ ϵ , ׷쿡 ڵ ۾ 𸣴 б, , ׸ 㰡 Ѵ.

Ǻ ɼ

ɺ 㰡 Ư ִ: `x' `X' Ѵٸ, 㰡 ̹ 㰡 ְų 丮 ģ. ̴ ó  㰡 ϰ ʾҴ 丮 㰡 ģ.

, :

a+X

ϱ (Ǵ 丮 ˻ϱ ) 㰡, ϳ ߴٸ, ׷ ڿ 㰡 ش.

ٲٱ,

ɺ δ ͺ ϴ (see section ). ǿ ϴ Ѵ.

ù ° ɺ 忡 users κ ڿ operation permissions κ ϴ ̴.

, :

og+rX-w

ֿʹ ٸ ڿ б 㰡 ְ, װ 丮̰ų ٸ ̹ ű⿡ 㰡 ִٸ, ׵鿡 㰡 ش; ׸ ׵鿡 װͿ 㰡 ʴ´. װ ְ Ͽ ǿ ġ ʴ´.

og+rX
og-w

ϴ.

ϴ ° ϳ ̻ ܼ ɺ 带 ϴµ, ǥ . , :

a+r,go-w

ο б 㰡 ָ ָ ȸ ڸ 㰡 Ѵ. ٸ :

u=rwx,g=rx,o=

Ͽ Ư 㰡 Ѵ. (װ ׷ ȿ ڿ 㰡 ʴ´.)

ȥ ִ. :

a+r,g+x-w

ڵ鿡 б 㰡 ָ, ׷쿡 ϴ ڵ鿡 װ ϱ 㰡 , ű⿡ 㰡 Ѵ´. 带 ٸ ִ; ٸ ϳ:

u+r,g+rx,o+r,g-w

Umask ȣ

ɺ users κ Ѵٸ, ⺻ `a' Ǵµ ( ڿ ģ), ý umask  㰡 ʴ´ Ѵٸ ׷. umask umask ɾ Ͽ ִ. ⺻ ý۵鸶 پϴ.

ɺ users κ ϴ Ϲ `+' ̿ ڸ ؼ ʴ. `+' ڸ ϴ umask Ͽ ǵߴ ͺ 㰡 ʵ ִ ȣμ ϵ ϱ ̴.

μ, umask 2 , ׷쿡 ʴ ڵ鿡 㰡 ϴ ̶, :

+w

Ͽ ֿ ׷쿡 ϴ ٸ ڿ 㰡 ߰, ڿԴ ׷ ʴ. , :

a+w

umask ϰ, ڿ Ͽ 㰡 ش.

㰡 16Ʈ ȴ. ɺ 带 ִ ٸ ϳ ν, ǥ ´ 8 ڸ ִ. ڴ ׻ 8 ؼȴ; C ϴ ó տ 0 ߰ ʿ . 0055 55 ϴ.

̿ شϴ ɺ 庸 ª, 㰡 ٴ κ̴; ׻ θ ִ.

, ׷쿡 ϴ ٸ , ׸ Ͽ ׷쿡 ʴ ڿ 㰡 3Ʈ ϴµ, ڸ 8 ǥѴ. Ư 㰡 1Ʈ ϰ, ٸ ڸ 8 ǥܴ. ⿡  16Ʈ ȿ Ʈ ϴ , Ʈ Ѵ:

   شϴ 
     㰡

            ׷쿡  ʴ ٸ :
   1       
   2       
   4      б 

            ׷  :
  10       
  20       
  40      б 

            :
 100       
 200       
 400      б 

          Ư 㰡:
1000      ӽ  ġ ؽƮ ̹  
2000      ࿡ ־ ׷ ID ϱ
4000      ࿡ ־  ID ϱ

, 4755 ɺ `u=rwxs,go=rx' شϸ, 664 ɺ `ug=rw,o=r' شѴ. 0 ɺ `ugo=' شѴ.

¥ Է

츮 ð , , ϰ Ī̸ ̿ ̰ ־ ð ϼ ְ ϻϴ Ұϰ Ѵ. , 츮 ϻ Ȱ ϴ ·κ Żϴ Ұϰ ϱ 츮 ð 뿹 ǵ ߴٸ, ״ 츮 ü踦 ͸ŭ ̴. װ ̰ų ٸ , ǥϴ ϰ , ξ, ϰ ǥ ϴ . 츮  ϰų,  ϰ ϴ ϰ ϴ ʹ 츮 ð ü ϰ, 츮 ð Ѵ.

... װ ġ డ ̴ Ʈ, ̴ ͷ, ̴ ϴ ó; ۾ ټ ٸ 䱸ϴ ó Ѵ. ׷ 쿡 츮 ̳ ϿϷκ ֿ ų ̷ ȥ 鿩 ٴ ϵ ƴϴ. ...

--- Robert Grudin, ð .

κ GNU α׷ ϴ ؽƮ ¥ ǥ Ѵ. ̵ پ α׷ ڷ ִ ڿ̴. (getdate Լ ) C ̽ ⿡ ʾҴ.

¥ A.D. 0 ð ǥ , ǻ () ׷ ð ũ ʴ. Unix ü迡 Ǵ ǹִ ̸ ¥ 1970 1 1 UCT ̴.

Ϲ ¥

date , ϴ ׸ ϴ ڿ̴. ڿ ( , ) ǹѴ. ׸ ߿ ʴ. ¥ ڿ ׸ Ư ִ:

츮 ̷ ׸ ؿ Ѵ.

ڸ κ ƿ ܾ ִ. ̴ ׸̳ ׸ ϴ ִ. ⿡ ִ: `first' 1, `next' 2, `third' 3, `fourth' 4, `fifth' 5, `sixth' 6, `seventh' 7, `eighth' 8, `ninth' 9, `tenth' 10, `eleventh' 11, ׸ `twelfth' 12 Ų. , `last' Ȯ -1 ǹѴ.

̷ , "ϰ " ſ, װ ڷ ֵȴ; ̴ ޾Ƶ鿩 ڿ ٲ۴.

ĺ ҹ δ ¥ õȴ. ּ ȣ ̿, ȣ ڸ ִ , ߰ ִ. տ õȴ. 0 õȴ.

޷ ¥ ׸

޷ ¥ ׸ Ϸ縦 Ѵ. ڷ ߴ ڷ ߴ , ٸ ȴ. ڿ Ų:

1970-09-17           # ISO 8601.
70-9-17              #  ⸦ ⺻ Ѵ.
70-09-17             #  0 õȴ.
9/17/72              #  ̱ 
24 September 1972
24 Sept 72           # 9(September) Ư ڸ  ִ.
24 Sep 72            #   ڴ ׻ ȴ.
Sep 24, 1972
24-sep-72
24sep72

ִ. , ̰ų, ƹ ͵ ٸ δ. :

9/17
sep 17

Ģ ִ.

ڷ ǥõ , ISO 8601 `year-month-day' ϴµ, year ̸, month 01 12 ̰, day 01 31 ̴. ڰ 10 ۴ٸ 0 ݵ ־ Ѵ. year 100 ۴ٸ, ¥ ű⿡ 1900 Ѵ. ̱ `month/day/year' ȴ. ϰ `month/day' ȴ.

ڷ ǥõ ʰ ǥ ִ: `January', `February', `March', `April', `May', `June', `July', `August', `September', `October', `November' Ǵ `December'. ڷ ǥõ װ ù ڷ , ǥ ִ. `September' `sept' ȴ.

ڷ , ޷ ¥  ε ִ:

day month year
day month
month day year
day-month-year

Ǵ, ϰ:

month day

Ϸ ð ׸

¥ ڿ ȿ Ϸ ð ׸ ־ ð Ѵ. , ̵ ΰ ð ǥѴ:

20:02:0
20:02
8:02pm
20:02-0500      # EST ( ̱ ǥؽ)

Ϲ ϸ, Ϸ ð `hour:minute:second' , hour 0 23 ̰, minute 0 59 ̸, second 0 59 ̴. ̷ , `:second' , ׷ װ 0 Ѵ.

`am'̳ `pm' ð ڿ ٴ´ٸ, hour 1 12 ϴ ϸ, `:minute' ִ (0 Ѵ). `am' Ϸ ó Ű, `pm' Ϸ Ų. ǥ, 12 1 ̴: midnight `12pm' noon `12am'̴.

ð ڿ ð , `shhmm' ǥǸ, s `+' Ǵ `-', hh ð , mm ð ̴. ð ̷ ־ , װ ð UTC ؼϰ ϸ, ð볪 ð뿡 overrideѴ. Ϸ ð minute κ ð õ ִ. ̴ 1ð Ϻκиŭ ð ϴ ̴.

`am'/`pm'̳ ð ϳ , ÿ .

ð ׸

ð ׸ ð븦 ϸ, ڵ Ų. Ե Ⱓ õȴ. ð ̸ ڸ Ѵ. , ð ð ð ׸ ǥ ִ. ð ؼ ܶ .

⿡ ϱ ð ƴ ð밡 , ð ð εǾ ִ.

+000
`GMT' for Greenwich Mean, `UT' or `UTC' for Universal (Coordinated), `WET' for Western European and `Z' for militaries.
+100
`WAT' for West Africa and `A' for militaries.
+200
`AT' for Azores and `B' for militaries.
+300
`C' for militaries.
+400
`AST' for Atlantic Standard and `D' for militaries.
+500
`E' for militaries and `EST' for Eastern Standard.
+600
`CST' for Central Standard and `F' for militaries.
+700
`G' for militaries and `MST' for Mountain Standard.
+800
`H' for militaries and `PST' for Pacific Standard.
+900
`I' for militaries and `YST' for Yukon Standard.
+1000
`AHST' for Alaska-Hawaii Standard, `CAT' for Central Alaska, `HST' for Hawaii Standard and `K' for militaries.
+1100
`L' for militaries and `NT' for Nome.
+1200
`IDLW' for International Date Line West and `M' for militaries.
-100
`CET' for Central European, `FWT' for French Winter, `MET' for Middle European, `MEWT' for Middle European Winter, `N' for militaries and `SWT' for Swedish Winter.
-200
`EET' for Eastern European, USSR Zone 1 and `O' for militaries.
-300
`BT' for Baghdad, USSR Zone 2 and `P' for militaries.
-400
`Q' for militaries and `ZP4' for USSR Zone 3.
-500
`R' for militaries and `ZP5' for USSR Zone 4.
-600
`S' for militaries and `ZP6' for USSR Zone 5.
-700
`T' for militaries and `WAST' for West Australian Standard.
-800
`CCT' for China Coast, USSR Zone 7 and `U' for militaries.
-900
`JST' for Japan Standard, USSR Zone 8 and `V' for militaries.
-1000
`EAST' for East Australian Standard, `GST' for Guam Standard, USSR Zone 9 and `W' for militaries.
-1100
`X' for militaries.
-1200
`IDLE' for International Date Line East, `NZST' for New Zealand Standard, `NZT' for New Zealand and `Y' for militaries.

⿡ DST(Daylight Savings Time: ϱ ð) ð밡 , ð ð εǾ ִ. и (, ణ и) ܾ DST ƴ ð ڿ `DST' μ, DST ð밡 ִ.

0
`BST' for British Summer.
+400
`ADT' for Atlantic Daylight.
+500
`EDT' for Eastern Daylight.
+600
`CDT' for Central Daylight.
+700
`MDT' for Mountain Daylight.
+800
`PDT' for Pacific Daylight.
+900
`YDT' for Yukon Daylight.
+1000
`HDT' for Hawaii Daylight.
-100
`MEST' for Middle European Summer, `MESZ' for Middle European Summer, `SST' for Swedish Summer and `FST' for French Summer.
-700
`WADT' for West Australian Daylight.
-1000
`EADT' for Eastern Australian Daylight.
-1200
`NZDT' for New Zealand Daylight.

׸

Ϸ Ȯ ¥ (ʿϴٸ) ̷  ϰ ̴.

öڷ ִ: `Sunday', `Monday', `Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday', Ǵ `Saturday'. ù ڷ , Ⱓ ִ. Ư `Tues' (`Tuesday' ), `Wednes' (`Wednesday' ), `Thur' `Thurs' (`Thursday' ) ȴ.

ڰ Ϸ ׸ տ پ ָŭ ̵ų ִ. װ `third monday' Ŀ δ. ̷ Ȳ, `last day' Ǵ `next day' ޾Ƶ ִ; װ͵ day ȥڼ ǥϴ κ ̳ ķ ̵Ų.

׸ ǥ õȴ.

¥ ڿ ׸

׸  ¥ (Ǵ ƹ ͵ ־ ʾҴٸ, ¥) Ǵ ڷ Ѵ. ׸ ȿ ȴ. ⿡ ִ:

1 year
1 year ago
3 years
2 days

ð ̵ ڿ `year' Ǵ `month' ִ. ̵ Һи ̸, ̴ ̳ Ȱ Ⱓ ǹ ʱ ̴. Ȯ 14 ǹϴ `fortnight', 7 ǹϴ `week', 24ð ǹϴ `day', 60 ǹϴ `hour', 60ʸ ǹϴ `minute' Ǵ `min', 1ʸ ǹϴ `second' Ǵ `sec'̴. ̻ `s' ޾Ƶ õȴ.

ð տ ȣ , ȣ ִ ڷ ִ. ȣ ڴ ȣ Ű ޵ȴ. ڰ ȣ 1 ǹѴ. ׸ ڿ ڿ `ago' -1 ȣ տ ٴ Ͱ .

ڿ `tomorrow' ̷ Ϸ縦 ǹϸ (`day' ), ڿ `yesterday' Ϸ縦 ǹѴ (`day ago' ).

ڿ `now' Ǵ `today' 0 ð ̵ ׸̸, ̷ ڿ 0 ð ̵, ׸ ٸ ٲ , ð ǥѴٴ Ƿκ ̴. װ͵ ٸ ׸ ϱ `12:00 today'ó ִ. ڿ `this' 0 ð ̵ , `this thursday' ¥ ڿ δ.

׸ DST DST ƴ (Ǵ ݴ ) 踦 dzʴ ¥ , ô ð ȴ.

¥ ڿ

Ȯ ؼ ¥ ڿ ƿ Ѵ.

ڰ yyyymmdd ¸ ٸ ޷ ¥ ׸ (see section ޷ ¥ ׸) ¥ ڿ ʴ´ٸ, ޷ ¥ yyyy , mm ڷ, dd Ϸ .

ڰ hhmm ¸ ٸ Ϸ ð ׸ ¥ ڿ ʴ´ٸ, Ϸ ð ׸ hh Ϸ ð, mm ð . mm ִ.

޷ ¥ Ϸ ð ¥ ڿ ʿ ׸ ٸ, ڴ overrideѴ.

getdate

Steven M. Bellovin (`smb@research.att.com') Chapel Hill ִ North Carolina п ִ getdate ߴ. ڵ带 ߿ Usenet ִ ߰, Rich $alz (`rsalz@bbn.com') Jim Berets (`jberets@bbn.com') 1990 8 ߴ. David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, ׸ ٸ GNU ý پ .

Fran@,{c}ois Pinard (`pinard@iro.umontreal.ca') `getdatd.y' ҽ ڵκ , K. Berry (`kb@cs.umb.edu') ߴ.

ls ɰ װ dir vdir ϸ, Ͽ Ѵ.

ls: 丮 Ѵ

ls α׷ (丮 ) Ͽ Ѵ. ɼǰ ڴ ó Ӱ ȥսų ִ.

丮̸ ɼ ƴ ڿ ؼ, ls ⺻ 丮 ʰ ϸ, . ϴ ̸ Ѵ. ٸ ɼ ƴ ڿ ؼ, ls ⺻ ̸ Ѵ. ɼ ƴ ڸ ʴ´ٸ, ls 丮 Ѵ.

⺻, ĺ ĵȴ. ǥ ͹̶̳, (η Ͽ) Ѵ; ׷ , ٴ ϳ Ѵ.

ls ⺻ α׷̱ , ⿡ ɼ ־. װ Ѵ; ȿ, ɼ (ҹڸ ) ĺ ߴ. ɼ , ̴ ɼ ls ۾ κ ̻ ֱ ̴.

`-g' ɼ ޾Ƶ ϸ, ̴ Unix ȣȯ ؼ̴. section ɼ .

 ϴ°

ɼ ls  Ͽ Ѵ. ⺻, ls ٿ ִ ϰ 丮 ش.

`-a'
`--all'
`.' ϴ ؼ 丮 Ѵ.
`-A'
`--almost-all'
`.' `..' 丮 Ѵ
`-B'
`--ignore-backups'
ٿ ־ ʴ , `~' ʴ´.
`-d'
`--directory'
丮 ϴ , ̸ ٸ μ Ѵ.
`-I'
`--ignore'
ٿ ־ ʴ , ̸ ־ (Խ ƴ) Ͽ ´ ʴ´. ȿó, ̸ `.' pattern ۿ ִ ϵī忡 ɸ ʴ´.
`-L'
`--dereference'
, ɺ ũ ڽſ ( , ð 㰡) ſ, ɺ ũ ش.
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 Ѵ.

 ϴ°

ɼ ls ϴ ģ. ⺻, ls ̸ ش.

`-D'
`--dired'
(`-l') ̶, ֿ Ŀ ߰ Ѵ:
//DIRED// beg1 end1 beg2 end2 ...
begN endN ¿ ̸ ۰ Ʈ ġ ϴ ȣ ̴. ̴ Emacs ̸ ã ϸ, ̳ ڿ ڸ ϴ ̸ ã Ģ ˻ ã Ѵ. 丮 (-R) ǰ ִٸ, ε丮 ڿ Ѵ:
//SUBDIRED// beg1 end1 ...
`-G'
`--no-group'
丮 ׷ ϴ Ѵ. (̰ ls GNU ⺻̹Ƿ, ȣȯ ɼ Ѵ.)
`-i'
`--inode'
Ͽ ̸ ʿ ( ø , ڶ Ҹ) inode ڸ Ѵ. ( ڴ Ư ü迡 ϰ Ѵ.)
`-l'
`--format=long'
`--format=verbose'
̸ ڿ , 㰡, ϵ ũ , ̸, ׷ ̸, Ʈ ũ, ׸ ð (⺻, ð) Ѵ. ̻ ǰų ̷ ð ̻ ð Ͽ, ð Ϸ ð ſ Ѵ. 丮, `total blocks' ó , blocks 丮 ü ũ 뷮̴. ⺻, 1024Ʈ δ; ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT Ǹ, (`-k' ɼ ־ ʴ ) 512Ʈ δ. blocks ϵ ũ ̴; ̴ Ͱ. 㰡 ɺ Ծ ϴ (see section ɺ ). ׷ ls Ʈ 㰡 ° ڿ Ѵ:
`s'
setuid Ǵ setgid Ʈ ̿ ˸ Ʈ ÿ Ǿ ִٸ.
`S'
setuid Ǵ setgid Ʈ Ǿ ̿ ˸ Ʈ Ǿ ʴٸ.
`t'
sticky Ʈ Ʈ ÿ Ǿ ִٸ.
`T'
sticky Ʈ Ǿ Ʈ Ǿ ʴٸ.
`x'
Ʈ Ǿ ְ ͵ ʴٸ.
`-'
̿ .
`-o'
丮 , ׷ ʴ´. ̴ `--format=long' `--no-group' Ͱ ϴ. ɽ ls ٸ ȣȯ ȴ.
`-s'
`--size'
ũ⸦ 1024Ʈ ̸ ʿ Ѵ. ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT Ǿ ִٸ, `-k' ɼ ־ ʴ 512Ʈ δ (see section Ϲ ȭ). HP-UX ü迡 BSD ü NFS Ʈ Ͽ , ɼ ùٸ ũ ũ⸦ Ѵ, HP-UX ü迡, BSD üκ NFS Ʈ ϵ鿡 װ ùٸ ũ ũ⸦ Ѵ. ̴ HP-UX ̴; װ HP-UX ls α׷ ģ.

ɼ ls ϴ ϴ Ѵ. ⺻, ڵ ( , ASCII ) Ѵ.

`-c'
`--time=ctime'
`--time=status'
ð (inode `ctime') Ѵ. (`-l') ̰ ִٸ, ð ſ ð Ѵ.
`-f'
⺻, `-U' --- ʴ´; 丮 Ѵ. ׷ `-a' ( Ѵ) ȰȭŰ, ( `-f' Ǿٸ) `-l', `--color', `-s' ȰȭŲ.
`-r'
`--reverse'
̵ ´--- , ĺ , ֱ , , .
`-S'
`--sort=size'
ũ⿡ , ū ͺ Ѵ.
`-t'
`--sort=time'
ð (inode `mtime') , Ϻ Ѵ.
`-u'
`--time=atime'
`--time=access'
`--time=use'
ð (inode `atime') Ѵ. ̰ ִٸ, ð Ѵ.
`-U'
`--sort=none'
ʴ´; 丮 Ǿ ִ Ѵ. (`-f' ϴ Ͱ ۾, ʴ´.) ̴ ſ ū 丮 Ư ϸ, ̴ ƹ ĵ ʴ ֱ ̴.
`-X'
`--sort=extension'
丮 Ȯ ( `.' ڵ) ĺ Ѵ; Ȯڰ ĵȴ.

Ϲ ȭ

ɼ 翡 ش.

`-1'
`--format=single-column'
ٿ Ͼ Ѵ. ̴ ǥ ͹̳ ƴ ls ⺻̴.
`-C'
`--format=vertical'
, η Ͽ Ѵ. ̴ ǥ ͹̶̳ ls ⺻̴. dir d α׷ ׻ ⺻̴.
`--color [=when]'
ϴ Ѵ. when ϰų, Ǵ ϳ̴: `--color' ϸ鼭 when ʴ `--color=always' ϴ.
`-F'
`--classify'
̸ Ű ڸ ÷Ѵ. , Ͽ, `*' ÷Ѵ. ڴ 丮 `/', ɺ ũ `@', FIFO `|', Ͽ `=', ׸ Ͽ 'ƹ ǥõ '̴.
`--full-time'
ð ǥ ǥù ϴ ſ, ϰ Ѵ. date ⺻ ϴ; ̸ ٲ , ¥ ڿ cut date -d ѱ ִ. See section `date ߵ' in Shell utilities. ̴ ð ϱ ִ. (Unix ü ʱ ð ϹǷ, ɼ ű⿡ ִ ִ ̴.) , ̴ ٽ ʴ Makefile ִ.
`-k'
`--kilobytes'
ũⰡ ǰ ִٸ, װ ųιƮ Ѵ. ̴ ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT overrideѴ.
`-m'
`--format=commas'
η, ٿ ä, `, ' (ǥ ϳ ϳ) Ѵ.
`-n'
`--numeric-uid-gid'
UID GID ̸ ſ ڷ Ѵ.
`-p'
̸ Ű ڸ ÷Ѵ. ̴ ǥõ ʴ´ٴ ϰ `-F' .
`-x format'
`--format=across'
`--format=horizontal'
ٿ, η Ͽ Ѵ.
`-T cols'
`--tabsize=cols'
ġ cols ʺ Ѵ. ⺻ 8̴. ls ȿ , ¿ Ѵ. cols 0̶, ʴ´.
`-w'
`--width=cols'
ȭ cols ʺ Ѵ. ⺻ ϸ ͹̳ Ѵ; ׷ ʰ ȯ COLUMNS Ǿ ִ 쿡 ̸ ; ׷ ʴٸ ⺻ 80̴.

̸ ȭ

ɼ ̸ ϴ ٲ۴.

`-b'
`--escape'
̸ nongraphic ڸ C ̴ Ͱ ĺ 8 ڸ 齽 ȣ ̿ ǥѴ.
`-N'
`--literal'
̸ quote ʴ´.
`-q'
`--hide-control-chars'
̸ nongraphic ǥ Ѵ. ̴ ⺻̴.
`-Q'
`--quote-name'
̸ ǥ ѷΰ nongraphic ڸ Có ǥѴ.

dir: 丮 Ѵ

dir (dε ġȴ) ls -C ϴ; , ⺻ ٷ, η Ͽ ȴ.

See section ls: 丮 Ѵ.

vdir: Ȳϰ 丮 Ѵ

vdir (vε ġȴ) ls -l ϴ; , ⺻ ȴ.

dircolors: ls

dircolors ls ( dir ) ͹̳ ϴ ɾ Ѵ. Ϲ :

eval `dircolors [option]... [file]`

file ϸ, dircolor  İ Ȯڿ  ϱ װ д´. ׷ , ̸ ϵ ͺ̽ δ. ̷ ϵ Ŀ ׿ ؼ, `dircolors --print-database' ϶.

LS_COLORS ȯ ϱ ɾ̴. ٿ , ׷ dircolos SHELL ȯ κ ̴.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-b'
`--sh'
`--bourne-shell'
Bourne Ѵ. ̴ SHELL ȯ Ǿ ְ `csh' `tcsh' ⺻̴.
`-c'
`--csh'
`--c-shell'
C Ѵ. ̴ SHELL csh Ǵ tcsh ⺻̴.
`-p'
`--print-database'
(Ͽ ) ⺻ ͺ̽ Ѵ. ڽ ȿ ̸, ׸ ϰ ִ.

⺻ ۾

⺻ : , ̵ (̸ ٲٱ), ׸ () Ѵ

cp: ϰ 丮 Ѵ.

cp (Ǵ , 丮) Ѵ. 纻 ̴. ٸ ϰų, 丮 ִ. :

cp [option]... source dest
cp [option]... source... directory

ڰ 丮 Ѵٸ, cp source ( ̸ Ͽ) 丮 Ѵ. ׷ ʰ, ϸ ־ٸ, cp ι° Ѵ. ڰ 丮 ƴϸ ̻ ɼ ƴ ڰ ־ٸ ̴ ߸̴.

Ϲ, װ ڸ δ. ܿ ؼ, `--sparse' ɼ .

⺻, cp 丮 ʴ´. ( `-r' .)

cp ڱ ڽ ϴ ź, ܸ : `--force --backup' source dest ϰ, Ųٸ, cp Ϲ ʹ, Ǵ ڰ Ű ̴ (see section ɼ).

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-a'
`--archive'
Ӽ , 纻 Ѵ (׷ 丮 ʴ´). `-dpR' ϴ.
`-b'
`--backup'
cp ų 纻 . See section ɼ.
`-d'
`--no-dereference'
ɺ ũ Ű ϴ , װ ɺ ũμ ״ ϸ, 纻 ϵ ũ Ѵ.
`-f'
`--force'
̹ ϴ Ѵ.
`-i'
`--interactive'
̹ ϴ Ͽ  .
`-l'
`--link'
丮 ƴ ϴ ſ ϵ ũ .
`-p'
`--preserve'
, ׷, 㰡, ׸ ð Ѵ.
`-P'
`--parents'
Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to cp must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: (1 ). cp ־ ڴ 丮 ̸̾ Ѵ. , :
cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir
`a/b/c' `existing_dir/a/b/c' ϸ鼭, ߰ 丮 Ѵ.
`-r'
丮 ϸ, 丮 ƴ ϰ ɺ ƴ ũ (, FIFO Ư ) ó Ѵ. ̴ о װ Ϸ Ѵٴ ̴. ׷Ƿ, ɼ ִٸ, cp Ƹ FIFO б⸦ ߰ 𸥴 ( ٸ װ ϴ Ͼ ʴ ).
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 ϸ, 丮 ƴ Ѵ. (ٷ `-r' ).
`--sparse=when'
ũ ʴ 0 Ʈ Ѵ; `read' ý ȣ ̸ 0 оδ. ̴ ũ ϸ鼭 ÿ ӵ ų , ̴ ޾ 0 Ʈ ϱ ̴. ⺻, cp Է ϰ ϰ . when ϳ ִ:
`auto'
⺻ ൿ: Է ٸ .
`always'
׻ Ѵ. ̴ Է ʴ ü ( SGI IRIX 5.3 ü `efs'̴) , ٸ ü迡 ϴ.
`never'
ʰ Ѵ. ɼǿ α׷ ã´ٸ, ˷޶.
`-s'
`--symbolic-link'
丮 ƴ 纻 ſ ɺ ũ . ̸ 丮 ʴ , ġ (`/' ) Ѿ Ѵ. ɺ ũ ʴ ü迡 ɼ ޼ ̴.
`-S suffix'
`--suffix=suffix'
suffix `-b' Ͽ ÷Ѵ. See section ɼ.
`-u'
`--update'
̹ ð ų ϴµ丮 ƴ ʴ´.
`-v'
`--verbose'
ϱ ̸ Ѵ.
`-V method'
`--version-control=method'
`-b' 纻 Ѵ. method ڴ `numbered'`t'), `existing'`nil'), Ǵ `never'`simple') ִ. See section ɼ.
`-x'
`--one-file-system'
縦 ü ٸ ü迡 ִ 丮 Ѵ.

dd: ϰ ȯѴ

dd (⺻, ǥ Էκ ǥ ) ִ I/O ũ⸸ŭ ϸ, ϴ װͿ ȯ Ѵ. :

dd [option]...

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

ѱ ɼ (bytes blocks) ڿ ȣ ִ:`b'=512, `c'=1, `k'=1024, `w'=2, `xm'=m.

`if=file'
ǥ Է ſ fileκ оδ.
`of=file'
ǥ ſ file . `conv=notrunc' ־ ʴ , dd file 0 Ʈ (Ǵ `seek=' ũ) ߶󳽴.
`ibs=bytes'
bytes Ʈ оδ.
`obs=bytes'
bytes Ʈ .
`bs=bytes'
bytes Ʈ о̰ . ̴ `ibs' `obs' overrideѴ.
`cbs=bytes'
bytes Ʈ ȯѴ.
`skip=blocks'
ϱ Է Ͽ blocks `ibs' Ʈ پѴ´.
`seek=blocks'
ϱ Ͽ blocks `obs' Ʈ پѴ´.
`count=blocks'
Է Ϸκ ſ, blocks `obs' Ʈ Ѵ.
`conv=conversion[,conversion]...'
conversion ڰ ȯѴ. (ǥ ̿ .) ȯ:
`ascii'
EBCDIC ASCII ȯѴ.
`ebcdic'
ASCII EBCDIC ȯѴ.
`ibm'
ASCII ü EBCDIC ȯѴ.
`block'
Է ٸ `cbs' Ʈ ϸ, ȣ üϰ ĭ ʿ ŭ .
`unblock'
`cbs' ũ Է ŭ ȣ üѴ.
`lcase'
빮ڸ ҹڷ ٲ۴.
`ucase'
ҹڸ 빮ڷ ٲ۴.
`swab'
Է Ʈ ¦ ´. GNU dd Ȧ Ʈ ٸ Ͱ ٸ ۵Ѵ--- Ʈ ̴ (װͰ ٲ ƹ ͵ ̴.)
`noerror'
б Ŀ ۾ Ѵ.
`notrunc'
߶ ʴ´.
`sync'
Է `ibs' ũ⸸ŭ 0 Ʈ .

install: ϰ Ӽ Ѵ

install 㰡 , ϴٸ, ֿ ׷쵵 ϸ鼭 Ѵ. :

install [option]... source dest
install [option]... source... directory
install -d [option]... directory...

̵ ó, source dest Ϸ ȴ. ι°, source directory ȴ. , directory .

install cp , Ӽ ϵ Ѵ. install ü Makefile α׷ 丮 δ. install ڱ ڽ ϴ źѴ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-b'
`--backup'
ų Ϸ Ͽ . See section ɼ.
`-c'
õȴ; install Unix ȣȯ .
`-d'
`--directory'
־ 丮 θ 丮 ϸ, , ׷, 带 ٿ ־ ̳ ⺻ Ѵ. install װ θ 丮 ׷ Ӽ οѴ. (̴ SunOS 4.x install ٸ, SunOS װ 丮 ⺻ Ӽ οѴ.)
`-g group'
`--group=group'
ġ ̳ 丮 ׷ group Ѵ. ⺻ μ ׷̴. group ׷ ̸̳ ڷ ׷ id̴.
`-m mode'
`--mode=mode'
ġ ̳ 丮 㰡 mode ϸ, ̴ 8 ڳ chmodó ɺ , μ 0 δ (see section ). ⺻ 0755---ֿ б, , , ׸ ׷ б, ̴.
`-o owner'
`--owner=owner'
install Ư ִٸ (root ), ġ ̳ 丮 owner Ѵ. ⺻ root̴. owner ̸̳ ڷ ID ִ.
`-s'
`--strip'
ġ ̳ʸ Ϸκ ɺ ̺ Ѵ.
`-S suffix'
`--suffix=suffix'
`-b' Ͽ suffix ÷Ѵ. See section ɼ.
`-V method'
`--version-control=method'
`-b' ٲ۴. method ڴ `numbered'`t'), `existing'`nil'), Ǵ `never'`simple') ִ. See section ɼ.

mv: ű ( ̸ ٲ۴)

mv ̳ 丮 űų װ ̸ ٲ۴. :

mv [option]... source dest
mv [option]... source... directory

ڰ 丮 Ųٸ, mv ־ ̸ Ϸ 丮 ű. ׷ ʰ, ϸ ־ٸ, mv ù° ̸ ι° ̸ ٲ۴. ڰ 丮 ƴϸ, ̻ ־ٸ ̴ ߸̴.

mv ϸ ٸ ü ʸӷ ̵ų ִ.

Ⱑ Ұϰ, ǥ Է ͹̸̳, `-f' Ǵ `--force' ɼ ־ ʴ´ٸ, mv ڿ  ο Է¹޴´. ( ϰų, 丮 㰡 ־ 𸥴.) `y' `Y' , .

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-b'
`--backup'
ų Ϸ 纻 . See section ɼ.
`-f'
`--force'
̹ ϴ ϸ ڿ θ  ʴ´.
`-i'
`--interactive'
װ 㰡 , ̹ ϴ  Է¹޴´. `y' `Y' ʴ´ٸ, .
`-u'
`--update'
ð ų ̹ ϴ 丮 ƴ ̵ ʴ´.
`-v'
`--verbose'
ű ̸ Ѵ.
`-S suffix'
`--suffix=suffix'
`-b' Ͽ suffix ÷Ѵ. See section ɼ.
`-V method'
`--version-control=method'
`-b' ٲ۴. method ڴ `numbered'`t'), `existing'`nil'), Ǵ `never'`simple') ִ. See section ɼ.

rm: ̳ 丮 Ѵ

rm ־ file Ѵ. ⺻, 丮 ʴ´. :

rm [option]... [file]...

Ⱑ Ұϰ, ǥ Է ͹̸̳, `-f' `--force' ɼ ־ ʰų, `-i' Ǵ `--interactive' ɼ ־ٸ, rm ڿ ο Է¹޴´. `y' `Y' ʴ´ٸ, .

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-d'
`--directory'
rmdir ſ unlink ϰ, 丮 װ unlinkϱ 䱸 ʴ´. Ư Ѵ. ̴ 丮 unlinkϴ Ǵ 丮 Ǵ ʷϱ ̸, ̸ Ŀ ü踦 fsckϴ ϴ.
`-f'
`--force'
ʴ ϸ ڿ  ʴ´.
`-i'
`--interactive'
޴´. `y' `Y' ʴ´ٸ, .
`-r'
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 Ѵ.
`-v'
`--verbose'
ϱ ̸ Ѵ.

`-' ϴ ϴ ̴. GNU rm, ٸ α׷ ڸ ؼϴ getopt Լ ϸ, `--' ɼ Ͽ ڴ ɼ ƴ϶ Ű Ѵ. 丮 ִ `-f' ̸ ϱ ؼ:

rm -- -f

Ǵ:

rm ./-f

Unix rm α׷ `-' ϳ ̷ ϴ getopt ǥ predateѴ.

Ư

Ư ɾ rmdir, Ư ϳ 丮 ) Ѵ.

Unix  ü ٸ ͵鿡 ε巯 Ư ұϰ, ȭ Ʈ 帧 . , ϰų , ý ؾ ϸ, ---Ư --- Ѵ. ȣ ִٸ 丮 Ϸμ ұϰ, ý ۾ ϱ ؼ Ʈ  , 䱸ؾ Ѵ. ׷Ƿ װ "Ư" ̴.

丮 ܿ, ٸ Ư (FIFO), ɺ ũ, Ư ̷ Ҹ Ѵ.

ln:

ln ϵ ̸ Ѵ. ⺻, ln ϵ ũ(hard link) ; `-s' ɼ ִٸ, װ ɺ (Ǵ Ʈ) ũ(symbolic(soft) link) . :

ln [option]... source [dest]
ln [option]... source... directory

ڰ 丮 Ųٸ, ln source 丮 ̸ Ϸ Ѵ. (׷ `--no-dereference' ɼ .) ϳ ϸ ־ٸ, 丮 Ѵ. ׷ , ϸ ־ٸ, ù° ι° Ϳ Ѵ. ڰ 丮 ƴϸ ̻ ־ ʴ´ٸ ̴ ߸̴. ⺻, ʴ´.

ϵ ũ Ͽ ٸ ̸̴; ũ . (δ, ׵ inode ϸ, inode Ͽ ´---Ƿ, inode ̶ ϴ Ʋ ʴ´.) , 丮 ؼ ϵ ũ , ϵ ũ ü 踦 . (׷, ̷ POSIX ƴϴ.)

ݸ鿡, ɺ ũsymlink) Ư ε ( Ŀ ʴ´; Ư, System V 3 ü symlink ) ̷ ũ δ ٸ ̸ Ѵ. κ ۾(, б, ) ɺ ũ , Ŀ ڵ ũ ϰ ũ ǥ ۾Ѵ. ׷ ۾( , ) ǥ ũ ڽſ ۿȴ. See section `ɺ ũ' in GNU C library.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-b'
`--backup'
ų ŵǷ ϴ 纻 . See section ɼ.
`-d'
`-F'
`--directory'
丮 ϵ ũ Ѵ.
`-f'
`--force'
̹ ϴ Ѵ.
`-i'
`--interactive'
̹ ϴ Ѵ.
`-n'
`--no-dereference'
丮 ɺ ũ и ־ , ó Ѵ. (ɺ ũ ƴ) 丮 , ָ ʴ. ũ 丮 ȿ . ׷ 丮 ɺ ũ , 䱸 ϴ ִ. ln 丮 Ͽ ũ ȿ ִ. ݸ鿡, 丮 ƴ ---ɺ ũ ڽ ִ. ׷ 쿡, ln ũ ɺ ũ ų ؾ Ѵ. ⺻ 丮 ɺ ũ 丮 ϴ ̴.
`-s'
`--symbolic'
ϵ ũ ſ ɺ ũ . ɼ ɺ ũ ʴ ýۿ ޼ ̴.
`-v'
`--verbose'
ϱ ̸ Ѵ.
`-S suffix'
`--suffix=suffix'
`-b' Ͽ suffix ÷Ѵ. See section ɼ.
`-V method'
`--version-control=method'
`-b' ٲ۴. method ڴ `numbered'`t'), `existing'`nil'), Ǵ `never'`simple') ִ. See section ɼ.

mkdir: 丮

mkdir ̸ 丮 . :

mkdir [option]... name...

name ̹ 丮 Ѵٰ ص, ̴ ߸ ƴϴ; mkdir ܼ ۾Ѵ. ׷ name ̸ 丮 ƴ϶, mkdir Ѵ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-m mode'
`--mode=mode'
丮 带 mode ϸ, mode chmod ȣ̸ 0777 (б, , ο ) umask Ʈ Ѵ. See section .
`-p'
`--parents'
ڸ θ 丮 . θ 丮 `u+wx' umask ȴ. 丮 ڴ Ѵ.
`--verbose'
丮 ޼ Ѵ. ̴ `--parent' ϴ.

mkfifo: FIFO (̸ )

mkfifo FIFO( ̸ Ҹ) ̸ . :

mkfifo [option] name...

FIFO ǻ ϴ μ ϴ Ư ̴. μ FIFO , ٸ ϳ б µ, ڿ ʹ ̳ ٸ ͸ ó 带 ִ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-m mode'
`--mode=mode'
FIFO 带 mode ϸ, ̴ chmod ȣ̸, 0666 (б ⸦ ο ) umask Ʈ Ѵ. See section .

mknod: ̳ Ư

mknod FIFO, Ư , Ǵ Ư ̸ . :

mknod [option]... name type [major minor]

"Ư " ʹ ٸ, Ư н ǹ: ͸ ϰų ִ  ̶ ǹ̸ Ѵ. ̴ ϵ Ϻο شѴ. ( Ϲ ý .) mknod ɾ ̷ ϵ ̴. ׷ ġ ѹ Ǵ ""( ڵ) Ƿ, 츮 Ư ϰ Ư ϵ ִٰ Ѵ.

name ڵ Ѵ:

`p'
FIFO
`b'
( Ǵ) Ư
`c'
( Ǵ) Ư
`u'
( ʴ) Ư

Ǵ Ư , ġ ȣ ġ ȣ ־ Ѵ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-m mode'
`--mode=mode'
FIFO 带 mode ϸ, ̴ chmod ȣ̸, 0666 (б ⸦ ο ) umask Ʈ Ѵ. See section .

rmdir: 丮 Ѵ

rmdir 丮 Ѵ. :

rmdir [option]... directory...

directory ϳ 丮 Ű ʴ´ٸ, ̴ ߸̴.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-p'
`--parents'
directory ŵ Ŀ Ǵ θ 丮 Ѵ.

See section rm: ̳ 丮 Ѵ,  丮 () ϴ .

Ӽ ٲٱ

װ , ̸, ׸ (see section Ư ) ̷缭 ƴϴ. (userid), ׷ (group id), 㰡 (ְ Ͽ ִ , ׷ ִ , ׸ ٸ ΰ ִ ), پ ð , ׸ ٸ ִ. Ƽ, 츮 ̰͵ Ӽ̶ θ.

Ӽ ٲ۴.

chown: ֿ ׷ ٲ۴

chown ־ Ǵ ׷ ٲ۴. :

chown [option]... new-owner file...

ɼ ƴ ù new-owner Ǵ ׷ ( ʰ) Ѵ:

[owner] [ [:.] [group] ]

Specifically:

owner
owner( ̸ Ǵ ڷ id) ־ٸ, ڸ ־ ַ ϰ, ׷ ٲ ʴ´.
owner`.'group
owner`:'group
ݷ̳ ħǥ group(׷ ̸ Ǵ ڷ ׷ id) owner ڿ , װ͵ ٸ, ׷ (group) ٲ۴.
owner`.'
owner`:'
׷ ̸ ݷ̳ ħǥ owner ڿ ´ٸ, ڸ ַ ϰ ׷ owner α ׷ ٲ۴.
`.'group
`:'group
ݷ̳ ħǥ ڵ group ־ ְ ȴٸ, ׷츸 ٲ۴; , chown chgrp Ѵ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-c'
`--changes'
ְ ٲ file ൿ Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-f'
`--silent'
`--quiet'
ٲ Ͽ ޼ ʴ´.
`-h'
`--no-dereference'
ɺ ũ Ű ſ, ɺ ũ ü ۵Ѵ. lchown ý ȣ Ǿߐ ̿ ִ.
`-v'
`--verbose'
file ൿ (Ǵ ൿ ) Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 װ 뿡 Ѵ.

chgrp: ׷ ٲ۴

chgrp ־ file ׷ group ٲٴµ, group ׷ ̸ Ǵ group id ִ. :

chgrp [option]... group file...

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-c'
`--changes'
׷ ٲ file ൿ Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-f'
`--silent'
`--quiet'
׷ ٲ Ͽ ޼ ʴ´.
`-h'
`--no-dereference'
ɺ ũ Ű ſ, ɺ ũ ü ۵Ѵ. lchown ý ȣ Ǿߐ ̿ ִ.
`-v'
`--verbose'
file ൿ (Ǵ ൿ ) Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 װ 뿡 ׷ Ѵ.

chmod: 㰡 ٲ۴

chmod ȣ ϵ 㰡 ٲ۴. :

chmod [option]... mode file...

chmod ɺ ũ 㰡 ٲ ʴµ, chmod ý ȣ װ͵ 㰡 ٲ ̴. ̰ ɺ ũ 㰡 Ƿ ʴ´. ׷, ٿ ɺ ũ , chmod Ű 㰡 ٲ۴. , chmod 丮 ̵ ȿ ɺ ũ Ѵ.

ù ɼ ƴ mode 㰡 Ѵ. ڼ 뿡 ؼ ܶ ÿ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ ÿ.

`-c'
`--changes'
㰡 ٲ file ൿ Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-f'
`--silent'
`--quiet'
㰡 ٲ Ͽ ޼ ʴ´.
`-v'
`--verbose'
file ൿ (Ǵ ൿ ) Ȳϰ Ѵ.
`-R'
`--recursive'
丮 װ 뿡 㰡 Ѵ.

touch: ð ٲ۴

touch / ð ٲ۴. :

touch [option]... file...

ù file `-t' ȿ ̰, `-d', `-r', Ǵ `-t' ɼ  Ͱ ð ־ `--' ڰ ־ ʴ´ٸ, ڸ ٸ ̸ ſ ϵ鿡 ð ؼѴ.

ʴ file ְ .

ٰ ð ٸ ٲ۴ٸ, touch װ ڰ 㰡 ִ Ͽ ð ٲ ִ. ׷ , ڴ ؾ Ѵ.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-a'
`--time=atime'
`--time=access'
`--time=use'
ð ٲ۴.
`-c'
`--no-create'
ʴ  ʴ´.
`-d'
`--date=time'
ð time Ѵ. װ ̸, ð, `am', `pm' ִ. See section ¥ Է .
`-f'
õȴ; touch BSD ȣȯ .
`-m'
`--time=mtime'
`--time=modify'
ð ٲ۴.
`-r file'
`--reference=file'
ð ſ file ð Ѵ.
`-t MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]'
ð ſ (, , , , , ) Ѵ.

ũ 뷮

 ũ ͸ ٵ . 󸶳 ũ 뷮 Ǵ ̿ Ѵ. (̰ 󸶳 ޸ α׷ ǰ ʹ ; װͿ ؼ, ps pstat, swap, Ǵ ׷ ɾ ̴.)

df: ü ũ 뷮 Ѵ

df reports the amount of disk space used and available on filesystems. Synopsis:

df [option]... [file]...

With no arguments, df reports the space used and available on all currently mounted filesystems (of all types). Otherwise, df reports on the filesystem containing each argument file.

Disk space is shown in 1024-byte blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used (unless the `-k' option is given).

If an argument file is a disk device file containing a mounted filesystem, df shows the space available on that filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the device node (i.e., the root filesystem). GNU df does not attempt to determine the disk usage on unmounted filesystems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely nonportable intimate knowledge of filesystem structures.

The program accepts the following options. Also see section ɼ. df ü迡 ũ ̿ ũ Ѵ. :

df [option]... [file]...

ڰ ٸ, df Ʈ ( ) ü迡 ũ ̿ ũ Ѵ. ׷ , df file ϴ ü迡 ؼ Ѵ.

ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT ʴ , ⺻ ũ 1024Ʈ ָ, 쿡 `-k' ɼ ־ ʴ 512Ʈ .

file  Ʈ ü踦 ϴ ũ ġ, df ġ 带 ϴ ü迡 ( , Ʈ ü) (Ʈ) ü迡 ̿ ش. GNU df Ʈ ü迡 ũ 뷮 Ϸ õ ʴµ, κ ü ׷ ϴ ü ſ , 谡 ĸ 䱸ϱ ̴.

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-a'
`--all'
Include in the listing filesystems that have a size of 0 blocks, which are omitted by default. Such filesystems are typically special-purpose pseudo-filesystems, such as automounter entries. Also, filesystems of type "ignore" or "auto", supported by some operating systems, are only included if this option is specified.
`-h'
`--human-readable'
ũ⿡ `ްƮ `M'' ũ ڸ ÷Ѵ.
`-i'
`--inodes'
뷮 inode 뷮 Ѵ. inode (index node Ӹ) , 㰡, ð , ũ ġ Ѵ.
`-k'
`--kilobytes'
1024Ʈ ũ⸦ Ѵ. ̴ ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT overrideѴ.
`-m'
`--megabytes'
ްƮ (1,048,576 Ʈ) ũ⸦ Ѵ.
`--no-sync'
sync ý ȣ ߵ ʴ´. ̴ df ũ ýۿ ϰ , ý (Ư SunOS) ణ ȿ Ⱓ ִ. ̴ ⺻̴.
`-P'
`--portability'
POSIX Ѵ. ̴ ü迡 ׻ Ȯ ٿ µȴٴ (Ʈ ġ ȥ ٿ ʴ´) ϰ ⺻ İ . ̴ Ʈ ġ ̸ 20 ̻ ٸ ( , Ʈũ Ʈ ), ִٴ ǹѴ.
`--sync'
sync ý ȣ ߵѴ. ý (Ư SunOS), ̷ ϴ ֽ ϰ , Ϲ ɼ Ư ü質 ſ ٻ ü谡 , df ξ Ѵ.
`-t fstype'
`--type=fstype'
fstype ü Ѵ. `-t' ɼ ν ü踦 ִ. ⺻,  ͵ ʴ´.
`-T'
`--print-type'
ü Ѵ. ⿡ µǴ `-t' `-x' ϰų ų ִ Ͱ . µǴ Ư Ĵ ý ϴ ̴. ⿡ ̸ ִ ( 翬 ƴϴ):
`nfs'
NFS ü, , ٸ κ Ʈũ Ʈ ̴. ̴ ýۿ ϰ ̴ ̴ ̸̴.
`4.2, ufs, efs...'
Ʈ ϵ ũ ü. (ý ⿡ ִ ĺ 𸥴; Linux ׷ϴ.)
`hsfs, cdfs'
CD-ROM ̺ ü. HP-UX `cdfs' , κ ٸ ý `hsfs' (`High Sierra' `hs') Ѵ.
`pcfs'
MS-DOS ü̸, Ͽ δ.
`-x fstype'
`--exclude-type=fstype'
fstype ƴ ü Ѵ. `-x' ɼ ν ü ִ. ⺻,  ý۵ ʴ´.
`-v'
õȴ; df System V ȣȯ .

du: 뷮 Ѵ

du Ͽ , ׸ (丮 ڿ ؼ) ε丮 ؼ ũ Ѵ. :

du [option]... [file]...

ڰ ٸ, du 丮 ũ Ѵ. ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT ʴ , 1024Ʈ ϸ, 쿡 (`-k' ɼ ־ ʴ ) 512Ʈ .

α׷ ɼ ޾Ƶδ. section ɼ .

`-a'
`--all'
丮 ƴ϶, Ͽ ش.
`-b'
`--bytes'
ũ⸦ ųιƮ Ʈ Ѵ.
`-c'
`--total'
ڰ ó Ŀ հ踦 Ѵ. ̴ ־ ̳ 丮 ü ü ũ 뷮 ˾Ƴ ִ.
`-D'
`--dereference-args'
ɺ ũ Ѵ. ٸ ɺ ũ ʴ´. ̴ ɺ ũ `/usr/tmp' 丮 ũ 뷮 ˾Ƴ ش.
`-h'
`--human-readable'
ũ⿡ `ްƮ `M'' ũ ڸ Ѵ.
`-k'
`--kilobytes'
ũ⸦ ųιƮ Ѵ. ̴ ȯ POSIXLY_CORRECT overrideѴ.
`-l'
`--count-links'
̹ (ϵ ũμ) Ÿ ϴ, ũ⸦ .
`-L'
`--dereference'
ɺ ũ Ѵ (ũ ſ ũ Ű 丮 Ͽ ũ ش).
`-m'
`--megabytes'
ްƮ (1,048,576 Ʈ) ũ⸦ Ѵ.
`-s'
`--summarize'
ڿ ո Ѵ.
`-S'
`--separate-dirs'
ε丮 ũ⸦ ʰ, 丮 ũ⸦ Ѵ.
`-x'
`--one-file-system'
üǰ ִ ġ ִ ü ٸ ü迡 ִ 丮 .

HP-UX ü迡 BSD ü NFS Ʈ Ͽ , ɼ ùٸ ũ ũ⸦ Ѵ, HP-UX ü迡, BSD üκ NFS Ʈ ϵ鿡 װ ùٸ ũ ũ⸦ Ѵ. ̴ HP-UX ̴; װ HP-UX du α׷ ģ.

sync: ũ ͸ ޸𸮿 ȭŲ

sync ޸ ȿ ũ . ̴ ۺ, inode, ׸ б ⸦ ִ (׷ ̰Ϳ ѵ ƴϴ). ۾ ųο Ǿ Ѵ; sync α׷ sync ý ȣ ϴ ϰ ƹ ͵ ʴ´.

Ŀ ( ) ũ б ⸦ ϱ ޸𸮿 ͸ Ѵ. ̴ Ű, ǻͰ 浹ϸ ǵǰų ü谡 ջ ִ. sync ޸ ũ ٴ Ѵ.

ȥ ִ `--help' `--version' ɼ ϰ ڰ õȴ. (see section ɼ).

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  • `-', ̷ ϴ
  • a

  • ago, ¥ ڿ
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  • automounter ü
  • Azores Time
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  • Baghdad Time
  • Bellovin, Steven M.
  • Berets, Jim
  • Berry, K.
  • BSD touch ȣȯ
  • c

  • CD-ROM ü
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  • cp
  • d

  • day, ¥ ڿ, day, ¥ ڿ
  • dd
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  • df
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  • dircolors
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  • DOS ü
  • du
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  • East Australian Standard Time
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  • f

  • FIFO
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  • first, ¥ ڿ
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  • French Winter Time
  • fsck
  • g

  • getdate
  • getdate
  • Greenwich Mean Time
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  • h

  • Hawaii Standard Time
  • High Sierra ü
  • hour, ¥ ڿ
  • i

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  • j

  • Japan Standard Time
  • l

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  • ln
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  • LS_COLORS
  • m

  • MacKenzie, David
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  • midnight, ¥ ڿ
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  • mkdir
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  • mknod
  • month, ¥ ڿ
  • Mountain Standard Time
  • MS-DOS ü
  • mv
  • n

  • New Zealand Standard Time
  • next day
  • next, ¥ ڿ
  • NFS Ʈ, BSD HP-UX, NFS Ʈ, BSD HP-UX
  • NFS ü
  • Nome Standard Time
  • none ɼ
  • noon, ¥ ڿ
  • now, ¥ ڿ
  • p

  • Pacific Standard Time
  • PC ü
  • Pinard, F.
  • pm, ¥ ڿ
  • POSIX
  • POSIX.2
  • POSIXLY_CORRECT, POSIXLY_CORRECT
  • POSIXLY_CORRECT, du -k override
  • POSIXLY_CORRECT, ls -k override
  • POSIXLY_CORRECT, ls -s override
  • POSIXLY_CORRECT, overridden by df -k
  • r

  • read ý ȣ, ׸
  • rm
  • rmdir
  • root, ⺻ ַμ
  • s

  • Salz, Rich
  • setgid
  • setuid
  • SHELL ȯ , ׸
  • SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
  • sticky
  • Swedish Winter Time
  • symbolic links, permissions of
  • sync
  • t

  • this, ¥ ڿ
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  • touch
  • u

  • umask
  • Universal Coordinated Time
  • unlink
  • USSR Zone
  • v

  • vdir
  • version-control Emacs
  • VERSION_CONTROL
  • w

  • week, ¥ ڿ
  • West African Time
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  • y

  • year, ¥ ڿ
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  • ¥ , ISO 8601
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  • , Է¹
  • ޷ ¥ ׸
  • ҹ , ¥ õ
  • , 縸
  • , ̵
  • , online
  • ȭ, ũ ޸
  • 丮 () ϱ
  • 丮 ,
  • 丮 , Ȳϰ
  • 丮 ,
  • 丮 , ̿
  • 丮, unlink
  • 丮, ()
  • 丮, ־ Ӽ
  • 丮 ƴ , Ư Ϸμ
  • ü
  • ũ 뷮
  • ũ 뷮, ü迡
  • ũ 뷮, Ͽ
  • ũ ġ
  • ũ
  • , FIFO (̸ )
  • , 丮
  • , ũ (ϵ峪 Ʈ)
  • ްƮ, ü ũ⿡ , ްƮ, ü ũ⿡
  • , FIFO
  • umask
  • , ü
  • ٲٱ, ׷ , ٲٱ, ׷
  • ٲٱ, 㰡
  • ٲٱ,
  • ٲٱ, Ӽ
  • ٲٱ, ð
  • ٲ ֿ Ȳϰ
  • ٲ Ͽ Ȳϰ
  • Ʈ
  • ,
  • ɼ
  • ̻
  • ,
  • , , , , ,
  • , ⸸
  • ,
  • , ã
  • ȯ ũ
  • , 丮
  • , ϰ 丮
  • θ 丮
  • θ 丮
  • θ 丮,
  • θ 丮 cp
  • , ŭ ð
  • ũ
  • ũ, ȯ
  • ũ, Է
  • ũ,
  • Ư
  • Ư
  • ִ df
  • ִ du
  • ͺ̽
  • ͺ̽,
  • Bourne
  • C
  • csh
  • sh
  • ͺ̽,
  • , ̰
  • ,
  • ġ ׷ ,
  • ġ ,
  • ġ 㰡,
  • ,
  • Ұ
  • , ⺻
  • Ӽ,
  • ۺ,
  • uid gid
  • ȣ
  • , Է¹
  • ð ,
  • ð
  • ð ׸
  • ð , Unix
  • ϰ , ǥ
  • 㰡, ɺ
  • ɺ ̺
  • ɺ (Ʈ) ũ
  • ɺ ũ
  • ɺ ũ,
  • ɺ ũ, ̰
  • ɺ ũ ٲٱ, ɺ ũ ٲٱ
  • ɺ
  • 㰡, ɺ
  • , ̸
  • , ɺ ũ
  • ޼ , ޼ , ޼
  • ̸
  • ̽
  • ϱ ð
  • Ϲ ¥
  • б ,
  • б 㰡
  • б 㰡, ɺ
  • ӽ ؽƮ ̹
  • Է ũ
  • ڱ
  • ġ , ũ
  • ,
  • Ư
  • 㰡 ٲٱ
  • ĵ 丮
  • , ɺ ̺
  • , 㰡
  • ϱ, 丮
  • Ǻ ɼ
  • ֱ, 㰡 Ժη
  • ּ, ¥
  • ü
  • ,
  • , ׸ ln
  • , ׸ mv
  • , ׸ rm
  • ,
  • ÷ 丮
  • հ, ũ
  • ũ
  • , ̽
  • ߶,
  • 浹 ջ
  • ųιƮ, ü ũ⿡
  • ͹̳, iff
  • ؽƮ ̹ ӽ
  • Ư
  • Ư , Ư
  • Ư 㰡 ٲٱ
  • (`-' ϴ),
  • 忡 8
  • Ӽ
  • ٲٱ
  • Ӽ ٲٱ
  • ð , ٲٱ
  • ̸ 齽 ȣ
  • ,
  • ü , ͸ ã
  • ü , ͸ ã
  • ü ũ 뷮
  • ü ,
  • ü , Ư
  • ü, ٸ ϴ
  • ü ϵ ũ
  • 㰡,
  • , Ư
  • İ , ǥ
  • ϴ ȯ
  • ֿ 㰡
  • ũ
  • ̳ 丮
  • ϵ ũ
  • ϵ ũ, du
  • ϵ ũ, 丮
  • ϵ ũ,
  • Ϸ ð ׸
  • ׸
  • ü du
  • 㰡 ߰
  • 㰡, ls
  • 㰡, ϱ
  • 㰡, ٲٱ
  • 㰡, ð ٲٱ
  • 㰡, Ͽ
  • 㰡 ٲٱ

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